Loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) thut were 8 to 17 yr old tolerated one to three fus[form rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.]Miyabe exShiraij sp. fusiforme) galls in theirstems. Families withfourormore galls in their stems lost 2.5% or more ofthe trees by age 17. In living trees with less thanf<jurstem galls, diameter growth was comparable to that of trees with no galls. Tolerance was indicated by...

during a survey on pistachio, pistacia vera l., pests in isfahan, iran, in 2015, some lepidopteran larvae living and feeding inside galls of the wrinkling pistachio aphid, forda hirsuta mordv., were observed. after laboratory rearing of these larvae, the moths were identified as altenia mersinella (staudinger, 1879) (lep.: gelechiidae) by the third author. this species has previously been repor...

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of increasing initial population density (Pi) of Meloidogyne incognita on nematode reproduction and growth of susceptible tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum cv. Round-41) at 25°C± 2 in growth chamber. 21-days-old tomato seedlings transplanted in13-cm dia. earthen pot was inoculated with Pi including 250, 500, 1000, 1500 eggs of M. incognita. Nema...

Plant endoparasitic nematodes induce the formation of their feeding cells by injecting effectors from the esophageal glands into root cells. Although vascular cylinder cells seem to be involved in the formation of root-knot nematode (RKN) feeding structures, molecular evidence is scarce. We address the role during gall development of LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES-DOMAIN 16 (LBD16), a key component o...

Reorganization of the actin and microtubule networks is known to occur in targeted vascular parenchymal root cells upon infection with the nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Here, we show that actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) is upregulated in the giant feeding cells of Arabidopsis thaliana that develop upon nematode infection and that knockdown of a specific ADF isotype inhibits nematode prolife...

We tested the enemy hypothesis for gall morphology on a model system comprising two Diplolepis rose gall wasp species and their associated parasitoids. The enemy hypothesis predicts both that gall traits will influence parasitoid attack rates within species, and that galls with contrasting morphologies will support different parasitoid communities. This hypothesis is supported by studies at bot...

A quantitative catalogue of the parasitoids (almost exclusively Chalcidoidea) and inquiline Cynipidae recorded in the western Palaearctic from galls induced on Quercus by Cynipidae (Cynipini) is presented. Quantitative and national data are included with bibliographic references to almost all records published in 2011 and earlier. The catalogue is followed by two checklists, firstly one of the ...

Chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.) is a beautiful tree indigenous to the Himalayas that grows as a native plant in Iran. Symptoms similar to bacterial gall have been observed on the crown, shoot and twig of chinaberry, a recent landscape tree since 2003-2004 in Shiraz, Fars province, south of Iran. A gram negative bacterium was isolated from the galls. The isolates did not produce fluorescent pigm...

Abstract Background Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood is a major pest of eggplant in Pakistan. The second-stage juveniles (J2s) feed on the roots eggplant. Damaged swell plant exhibits stunted growth. Mostly farmers rely use broad-spectrum nematicides. However, due to hazardous effects environment non-target species, its application greatly criticized. Fungal biocontrol agents h...

Plant galls are insect-induced tumor-like growths of plant tissue which nourish and protect developing insect larvae. In all published studies to date, gall size varies (1). Numerous studies demonstrate a positive relationship between success (probability of emergence of the gall-former) and gall size (2-4). Typically, increasing gall size is interpreted as an adaptation to facilitate parasitoi...