THE RETRACTOR MUSCLE OF THE POUCH IN THE GEOMYIDAE THE retractor of the cheek pouch in the pocket gophers (Geomys bursarius, Thomomys bottae, Thornomys bulbivorus) and in the kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) has been thought to represent the platysma,' 2 3 although it is more extensive and has a more caudal origin than in other mammals. It arises, in the pocket gophers, from the superficial...

A40-year-old man presented with two months of progressive left neck swelling, night sweats, and fatigue. He worked as a hunting guide in New Mexico and reported multiple bites from insects, including deer flies, on the job. He had been treated with penicillin, cephalexin, and clindamycin, but his symptoms persisted. On presentation to our institution, his examination was notable for a temperatu...

Tracheotomy is used to keep and control airways open and protect them in head and neck operations.1-3 Tracheotomy is opening a direct airway through an incision in the trachea observed as a stoma in the lower throat and it is usually performed in serious head and neck traumas, tumors, bleedings and cases that intubation with endotracheal tube is not possible. This method has several advantages ...

The mammalian facial muscles are a subgroup of hyoid muscles (i.e. muscles innervated by cranial nerve VII). They are usually attached to freely movable skin and are responsible for facial expressions. In this study we provide an account of the origin, homologies and evolution of the primate facial muscles, based on dissections of various primate and non-primate taxa and a review of the literat...

giant cell tumors of the neck occur very rarely. Although such tumors usually arise from cartilaginous neck structures, they sometimes originate in the soft tissues. Soft-tissue giant cell tumors of the neck are likely to be more aggressive and have a higher mortality rate than are tumors arising from the cartilaginous larynx. An aggressive use of available treatment modalities, including radio...

Objective — to improve the surgical treatment of patients with thyroid cancer metastatic lesions neck lymph nodes by means an individual approach diagnostics, intraoperative imaging, and choice optimal technique.
 Materials methods. The analysis involved results examinations 749 patients. following was taken into account: complaints, ultrasound, hormones level, general clinical examination...

The facial musculature may be the site of a great variety of involuntary movements, often of doubtful nature and obscure causation. One form was sharply delineated both by clinical description and probable pathogenesis by Andermann, Cosgrove, LloydSmith, Gloor, and McNaughton (1961). These authors drew attention to the condition of facial myokymia of which they described four cases of their own...

Penetrating neck wounds complicate approximately 10% of all trauma presentations. While they are most commonly associated with violent acts, they are also encountered in road traffic collisions andotheraccidents. Theadverse relationship between alcohol and trauma is well-documented. The mechanism of penetration is important in determining the extent of damage and treatment options. Ballistic mi...

Botulism caused by food poisoning was characterized by mydriasis and skeletal muscle paralysis, which was first described by Justinus Kerner in 1820 [1]. The cause of botulism was botulinum neurotoxin produced by anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria of the genus Clostridium [2]. Botulinum toxin (BTX) became to be the first medically applied toxin. The first clinical use of BTX was reported concern...

Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is characterized by paroxysmal bursts of involuntary clonic and tonic activity in muscles innervated by the facial nerve. Idiopathic HFS is hypothesized to be a result of microvascular compression of the facial nerve at its root exit zone in the brain stem. Symptomatic (secondary) HFS is usually caused by compression of the facial nerve’s root exit zone. Whether HFS can a...