Contemporary political parties often use state resources to win elections. In this context, electoral clientelism evolved from the straightforward vote buying sophisticated exchanges in which relationship between patrons (parties or candidates) and clients (voters) is sometimes difficult grasp. We address question how do distributive politics interact, these forms of interactions differ across ...

This paper examines how three Dutch political parties employ the Internet as a tool to enhance ‘digital democracy’. The potential of digital democracy is considered to be strongest in the sphere of collective action outside the domain of political institutions. In this article, however, attention is given to how institutionalized channels might be supportive of digital democracy. Three componen...

Abstract We present the result of a dual modeling of opinion network. The model complements the agentbased opinion models by attaching to the social agent (voters) network a political opinion (party) network having its own intrinsic mechanisms of evolution. These two sub-networks form a global network which can be either isolated from or dependent on the external influence. Basically, the evolu...