This article discusses the ways of politicization ethno-tribal component in Sudan. And it proves that manipulation these factors by political actors contributed to emergence conflicts and instability country. The author analyzes historical context which ethnicity tribalism were first politicized Sudan, how used justify perpetuate various forms violence discrimination. Finally, comes conclusion ...

For any agency dealing with the design of the water distribution network, an economic design will be an objective. In this research, Central Force Optimization (CFO) and Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm were used to optimize Ismail Abad water Distribution network. Optimization of the network has been evaluated by developing an optimization model based on CFO and DE algorithm in MATLAB and ...

What are the origins of ethnic landscapes in contemporary states? Drawing on a preregistered research design, we test influence dual socioeconomic revolutions that spread throughout Africa during nineteenth and twentieth centuries—export agriculture print technologies. We argue these changes transformed ethnicity via their effects politicization boundary-making. Print technologies strengthened ...