Flower pollination algorithm (FP) is a new nature-inspired algorithm, based on the characteristics of flowering plants. Combining with the features of flower pollination algorithm, an improved simulated annealing algorithm is proposed in this paper (FPSA). It can improve the speed of annealing. The initial state of simulated annealing and new solutions are generated by flower pollination. There...

The effect of ethylene on the growth rate of pollen tubes in styles of Petunia hybrida was examined. Apart from its strong inhibition of pollination-induced ethylene synthesis, aminoethoxyvinylglycine, placed on the stigma, did not impede tube growth. The inhibitors of the action of ethylene, silver thiosulfate and 2,5-norbornadiene, were similarly ineffective. Application of the ethylene precu...

Flower pollination is an intriguing process in the natural world. Its evolutionary characteristics can be used to design new optimization algorithms. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm, namely, flower pollination algorithm, inspired by the pollination process of flowers. We first use ten test functions to validate the new algorithm, and compare its performance with genetic algorithms and...

The pollination of Passiflora coccinea by the hummingbird Phaethornis superciliosus was studied in Central Amazon, Brazil. We hypothesized that a greater nectar secretion rate (NSR) increases the pollination success of single flowers through Ph. superciliosus visiting behavior. For control flowers, NSR was an increasing function of flower base diameter (FBD). The total number of Ph. supercilios...

Mating success in plants depends largely on the efficiency of pollen dispersal. For hermaphrodite plants, self-pollination, either within or among flowers, can reduce mating opportunities because of pollen and ovule discounting and inbreeding depression. Self-pollination may be particularly detrimental in plants such as orchids and asclepiads that package each flower's pollen into one or more p...

Pollen transport by water-flow (hydrophily) is a typical, and almost exclusive, adaptation of plants to life in the marine environment. It is thought that, unlike terrestrial environments, animals are not involved in pollination in the sea. The male flowers of the tropical marine angiosperm Thalassia testudinum open-up and release pollen in mucilage at night when invertebrate fauna is active. H...

A long-term survey (1990-2000) of pollination modes of 86 tree species was carried out at Kakachi, a mid-elevation wet forest site in southern Western Ghats, India. Observations were made on 86 tree species. This comprises 80% of the total arborescent species present in the site. Approximately 75% of these species were specialized to a single pollinator group such as bee, beetle, or moth. Polli...

Information from Literature Much has been published about pollination, pollinators, pollinizers, fertilization and fruit set in text books and periodicals. The definitions are not difficult. Pollination is the movement of pollen among compatible flowering plants (cross-pollination) or from anthers to stigmas on the same plant or different plants of the same clone (self-pollination). Many plants...

in 2007 and 2008, the influence of pollen source on the shell and kernel traits of resulting seeds and on fruit set was examined to evaluate the potential for xenia or metaxenia in persian walnut. pistillate flowers of ‘jamal’, ‘chandler’, ‘hartley’ and ‘pedro’ were crossed with the pollen of ‘serr’, ‘z60’ and ‘damavand’. the pistillate flowers on each female parent were covered about one week ...

the fruit set rate and yield of pear are commonly low due to insufficient pollination, as the species is unattractive to honeybees. to improve honeybee foraging behavior for the pollination of dangshan pear (pyrus bretschneideri cv. dangshansuli), nine methods were used to attract bees. a control treatment of colonies was fed with normal sugar syrup, while six other treatments were fed using su...