This article examines one important component of the problem of implementing the federal government's Clean Air policy, namely, the difficulty of quantifying the rela­ tionship between emissions to the atmosphere and ambient air quality. Short·, middle·, and long.tenn contt"ol strategies are discussed with an emphasis on the information needed for their effective assessment and implemeDlation. ...

Network coding based applications are notoriously susceptible to malicious pollution attacks. Packets authentication schemes have been well-recognized as the most effective approach to address this security threat. However, existing packets authentication schemes for network coding either incur high computation overhead, or are vulnerable to arbitrary collusion among attackers. In this paper, w...

Marine plastic debris is a global issue, which highlights the need for internationally standardized methods of monitoring plastic pollution. The stomach contents of beached northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) have proven a cost-effective biomonitor in Europe. However, recent information on northern fulmar plastic ingestion is lacking in the North Pacific. We quantified the stomach contents of ...

In the recent past, household hazardous waste has become an issue to more and more communities. In an effort to control the pollution generated within a household, various methods have been set forth in col­ lecting and disposing of these wastes. Unfortunately, all too often the hazardous waste collection days are poorly attended, and the costs become prohibitive when measured against the amoun...

This paper illustrates the role of plants to assist the treatment of water pollution in man-made wetlands in tropical and temperate climates. It also considers the potential for environmental education of these wetland systems. The management and natural treatment of pollution is described in the Mai Po Marshes, Hong Kong and a wetland in London which is also an important site for birds. The de...

The absence of compensation for third parties who are the victims of residual (that is, permitted) pollution can entail a violation of Rawls's second principle of justice. Environmental pollution, insofar as it is an uncharged cost, may lead also to an economically inefficient distribution of goods and services. Radioactivity and radiation dose are forms of pollution for which a control philoso...

Monitoring air pollution including the contents of VOC, O(3), NO(2), and dusts has attracted a lot of interest in addition to the monitoring of water contamination because it affects directly to the quality of living conditions. Most of the current air pollution monitoring stations use the expensive and bulky instruments and are only installed in the very limited area. To bring the information ...

This paper describes an approach to incorporating environmental risk evaluation criteria within IMO’s guidelines for Formal Safety Assessment (FSA). Such criteria are currently absent from FSA, and the discussion to include them has just started. Said criteria are relevant for evaluating on a cost-benefit basis Risk Control Options (RCOs) for reducing oil spill pollution risk. Oil pollution may...

Despite progress in air pollution control, concerns remain over the health impact of poor air quality. Governments increasingly issue air quality information to enable vulnerable groups to avoid exposure. Avoidance behaviour potentially biases estimates of the health effects of air pollutants. But avoidance behaviour imposes a cost on individuals and therefore may not be taken in all circumstan...

ÐIn this paper we review the theoretical and empirical literature on the cost structure of the provision of intercity highway transportation and specify and estimate our own cost functions. We develop a full cost model which identi®es the key cost components and then estimate costs component by component: user costs, infrastructure costs, time and congestion costs, noise costs, accident costs, ...