Graphite oxide was synthesized from natural flake graphite by the modified Hummers method. In brief, 200 mg of Graphite particles were immersed in Concentrated sulfuric acid (46 ml) and KMnO4 (6 g) was added slowly in small quantities in which temperature was maintained between the 0 and 5 c using an ice bath, after the complete oxidation of KMnO4, the mixture was heated to 37 c and kept at thi...

proton exchange membrane fuel cells (pemfcs) with a dead-ended anode and cathode can obtain high hydrogen and oxygen utilization by a comparatively simple system. nevertheless, the accumulation of the water in the anode and cathode channels might cause a local fuel starvation degrading the performance and durability of pemfcs. in this study, a brand new design for a polymer electrolyte membrane...

The development of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells that can be operated over a wide temperature range without the need for humidification is highly desirable for vehicle applications to overcome the problems associated with CO poisoning and water management. Here we report a novel PEM based on 1H-1,2,4-triazole grafted polysiloxane doped with phosphoric acid and reinforced with po...

1.1 Background Thanks to the breakthroughs in microfabrication technologies, numerous concepts of microsystems including micro aerial vehicles, microbots, and nanosatellites have been proposed. Contrary to ordinary electronic devices, these microsystems perform mechanical work and require the extended operation. As their functions are getting complex and advanced, their energy consumption is al...