Nuclear run-on assays carried out in the presence and absence of the RNA polymerase II inhibitor, alpha-amanitin, were used to determine the exact timing of the switch from inhibitor-sensitive transcription catalysed by host RNA polymerase II, to inhibitor-resistant transcription catalysed by the baculovirus-induced RNA polymerase. These studies revealed that the onset of alpha-amanitin-resista...

Structurally modified nucleotide/nucleoside analogues can exert potent inhibitory effect on HBV polymerase activities. Some of these agents have been approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Because of a high risk of reactivation upon drug withdrawal, continuous long-term therapy is recommended to maintain maximal viral suppression. Consequently, drug resistance has developed in a sig...

Smoking had been increasing the risk factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), both active and passive smokers, which is caused by nicotine contained in cigarettes. Nicotine has metabolized cytochrome p450 2a6 (CYP2A6) enzyme coded CYP2A6 gene. This gene was a high polymorphism that CYP2A6*4 allele inactive. Thus, our objective to describe among Javanese smokers with T2DM. From this cross-sect...

The aim of this study was to isolate Escherichia coli from chickens and to determine the presence of the eaeA gene, a virulence factor detected in Escherichia coli, in the isolates by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Different chicken organs (lung, liver and spleen) were inoculated onto blood agar and biochemical tests were performed on the suspicious isolates. Escherichiacoliwas isolated from ...

The human MDR1 gene encodes for a P-glycoprotein (PGP), which acts as an efflux pump that transports a large variety of substrates from the inside of cells to the outside until protection against xenobiotics. The G2677T/A polymorphism in exon 21 is associated with PGP expression and function in humans. The present study was aimed to determine the frequencies of this polymorphism in a healthy po...

Aphidicolin, a known inhibitor of eucaryotic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase alpha, efficiently inhibited amplification of ribosomal DNA during oogenesis in Xenopus laevis. DNA polymerase alpha, but not DNA polymerase gamma, as isolated from ovaries, was sensitive to aphidicolin. DNA polymerase beta was not detectable in Xenopus ovary extracts. Therefore, DNA polymerase alpha plays a maj...

The major function of eukaryotic RNA polymerase III is to transcribe transfer RNA, 5S ribosomal RNA, and other small non-protein-coding RNA molecules. Assembly of the RNA polymerase III complex on chromosomal DNA requires the sequential binding of transcription factor complexes TFIIIC and TFIIIB. Recent evidence has suggested that in addition to producing RNA transcripts, chromatin-assembled RN...

Temperate Bacillus subtilis phage SPO2 codes for a phage-specific DNA polymerase. The polymerase gene has been cloned, and its nucleotide sequence has been determined. Within the sequence there is an open reading frame starting with a TTG and ending with three consecutive translational stop codons. Ten base pairs upstream from the proposed TTG initiation codon there is a probable ribosome-bindi...

As the first step in the analysis of the transcription process in the African trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei, we have started to characterise the trypanosomal RNA polymerases. We have previously described the gene encoding the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and found that two almost identical RNA polymerase II genes are encoded within the genome of T. brucei. Here we present the identifi...