Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines that is produced by chemically reacting vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol such as ethanol or methanol in the presence of catalyst. The growing interest in biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester or FAME) is because of the similarity of its properties when comparing with diesel fuel. Karanja (Pongamia pinnata), which is one of the source o...

Pongamia pinnata (Indian beech tree, karanja) is important for its diverse medicinal properties and potential insecticidal nematocidal (Parmar et al., 1976). In July 2022, a severe outbreak of leaf spot disease was observed in 15 trees Hardaspur, Punjab, India. Disease incidence the canopy 30–35%. The symptoms were spots (0.8 to 1.3 cm diameter), light brown ash-coloured surrounded by dark blac...

Streptococcus mutans is responsible for causing dental caries in humans and utilizes sucrose for its growth. The dextransucrase (EC 2.4.1.5) is responsible for sucrose metabolism, which exhibits both hydrolytic and glucosyltransferase activities. In this study, we examined the effects of the plant phenols, namely gallic, tannic and syringic acids and aqueous extracts of certain traditionally us...