By the past two decades IPMCs have been intensively studied because of their special capabilities for actuation and sensing.This paper presents a theoretical physics based model for analyzing the behavior of IPMC sensors in fluid environments. The mechanical vibration of the IPMC strip is described by the classical Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. The model also takes in to account the physical pro...

During August 2000 at Lake Powell in the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area on the Arizona-Utah border, two brothers died of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning as they swam near the stern of a houseboat while the onboard gasoline-powered generator was operating. As a result of these deaths, an investigation was initiated by the U.S. National Park Service (NPS) with assistance from the U.S. Depart...

In this paper, we have investigated the combined effects of Newtonian heating and internal heat generation/absorption in the two-dimensional flow of Eyring-Powell fluid over a stretching surface. The governing non-linear analysis of partial differential equations is reduced into the ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. The resulting problems are computed for both se...

It is increasingly recognized that innovation processes, especially in relation to the development of technologies that are radical or disruptive, do not follow the often-assumed linear progress – from basic science to applied research through development to commercialization. Instead, these kinds of innovation processes are better characterized as ‘interactive’ or ‘networked’ (Rothwell, 1994; ...