background: luteinizing hormone (lh) was secreted by the stimulating cells of the testes and ovaries in the anterior pituitary gland. the application of this hormone is in the treatment of men and women with infertility and amenorrhea respectively. m aterials and methods: in the present study the alpha and beta subunits of human lh gene were cloned into the pegfp-n1 expression vector and produc...

background: chemotherapy-induced amenorrhea is one of long term side effects of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer which may interfere with their future reproductive function. although amenorrhea is well recognized, the actual incidence following taxanes remains uncertain. methods: in a cross sectional study, we identified breast cancer patients aged 45 years or younger who we...

BACKGROUND The risk for amenorrhea following treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide (IVCY) has not been fully explored. Our objective was to ascertain the incidence of amenorrhea following treatment with low-dose IVCY and the association between amenorrhea and the clinical parameters of SLE. METHODS A case-control retrospective stud...

BACKGROUND Secondary amenorrhea is a condition in which there is cessation of menses after at least one menstruation. It is a symptom of different diseases, such as hormonal disturbances which range from pituitary to ovarian origin, as well as chromosomal abnormalities. Knowledge of the distinct cause of secondary amenorrhea is of tremendous benefit for the management and monitoring of patients...

Secondary amenorrhea in women of reproductive age may be an indication of an undiagnosed, chronic condition and appropriate treatment is dependent upon accurate diagnosis of the underlying etiology. A thorough clinical assessment and a few common laboratory tests can easily identify the most frequent causes of secondary amenorrhea. However. in these cases, misdiagnosis is unfortunately common a...

Youssef's syndrome is characterized by cyclic hematuria (menouria), absence of vaginal bleeding (amenorrhea), and urinary incontinence due to vesicouterine fistula (VUF), the least common of the urogynecological fistulas. Youssef's syndrome has a variable clinical presentation. A vesicouterine fistula is an abnormal pathway between the bladder and the uterus. The most common cause is lower segm...

In 31 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) the endocrine functions of the hypothalamus, the pituitary and several peripheral endocrine glands were assessed with a combined pituitary test; 3/31 patients had an endocrine disease: one primary hypothyroidism, one primary amenorrhea and one primary male hypogonadism. We found no patient with endocrine disease of the hypothalamus, the pituitary or t...