keletal muscle growth requires multiple steps to form large multinucleated muscle cells. Molecules that stimulate muscle growth may be therapeutic for muscle loss associated with aging, injury, or disease. However, few factors are known to increase muscle cell size. We demonstrate that prostaglandin F 2 (PGF 2 ) as well as two analogues augment muscle cell size in vitro. This increased myotube ...

BACKGROUND Post-lung transplant reperfusion edema (PLTRE) and its more severe form, primary graft failure (PGF), occur in 10% to 60% of lung transplant recipients. We hypothesized that PLTRE and PGF would be associated with an elevated proinflammatory cascade and that the allograft would be the source of cytokine appearance in the circulation. METHODS Pulmonary arterial and systemic arterial ...

In the ovary it has been demonstrated that PGF(2alpha) activates the phospholipase C (PLC)/diacylglycerol/protein kinase C pathway. However, little is known about the downstream signaling events that mediate subsequent cellular responses such as steroidogenesis. The present study was designed to examine the effect of PGF(2alpha) on activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signa...

This paper introduces the concept of a random variable, which is nothing more than a variable whose numeric value is determined by the outcome of an experiment. To describe the probabilities that are associated with these numeric values in a concise and conceptually useful manner, the probability distribution and probability density function are introduced. Then, the moment generating function ...

We determined whether a fixed-time AI (TAI) protocol could yield pregnancy rates similar to a protocol requiring detection of estrus, or estrous detection plus TAI, and whether adding a controlled internal device release (CIDR) to GnRH-based protocols would enhance fertility. Estrus was synchronized in 2,598 suckled beef cows at 14 locations, and AI was preceded by 1 of 5 treatments: 1) a CIDR ...

In clinical trials, aldosterone antagonists reduce cardiovascular ischemia and mortality by unknown mechanisms. Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that signals through renal mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) to regulate blood pressure. MRs are expressed and regulate gene transcription in human vascular cells, suggesting that aldosterone might have direct vascular effects. Using gene expression pr...

The role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), including in retinal vascular diseases, has been well studied, and pharmacological blockade of VEGF is the gold standard of treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusion and diabetic macular oedema. Placental growth factor (PGF, previously known as PlGF), a homologue of VEGF, is a multifunctional peptide...

Prostaglandin E and F (PGE and PGF) levels in sequential blood samples obtained simultaneously from the renal and portal veins and aorta during endotoxin shock in dogs were determined by radioimmunoassay. Four groups of dogs were studied. In five control dogs in which no endotoxin was given, PGE and PGF levels did not change significantly at 0, 15, 30, 60, and 90 min. In eight dogs given endoto...

Prostaglandins (PGs) are important factors in the physiology of human parturition and the control of uterine contractility. We have characterized the expression of 15 genes from all stages of the PG pathway in human pregnant and non-pregnant (NP) myometrium and in other uterine tissues at delivery, and the results show patterns indicative of different capacities for PG synthesis and catabolism ...