l-Proline concentration is primarily related to the balance of enzymatic activities of proline dehydrogenase [proline oxidase (POX)] and Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) reductase. As a result, P5C plays a pivotal role in maintaining the concentration of proline in body fluids and inborn errors of P5C metabolism lead to disturbance of proline metabolism. Several inborn errors of proline me...

The oxidation of l-proline to glutamate in Gram-negative bacteria is catalyzed by the proline utilization A (PutA) flavoenzyme, which contains proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) and Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) dehydrogenase domains in a single polypeptide. Previous studies have suggested that aside from providing energy, proline metabolism influences oxidative stress resistance in different o...

Sheep pox and enterotoxemia are important diseases of sheep, and these diseases cause severe economic losses to sheep farmers. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of formaldehyde-inactivated recombinant epsilon toxin as a vaccine candidate. The potency of the recombinant epsilon toxoid with aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant in sheep was determined. Vaccinated sheep were p...

Avian pox, a disease caused by avipoxviruses, is a major cause of decline of some endangered bird species. While its impact has been assessed in several species in the wild, effects of the disease in conservation breeding have never been studied. Houbara bustard species (Chlamydotis undulata and Chlamydotis macqueenii), whose populations declined in the last decades, have been captive bred for ...

Two new paired domain genes of Drosophila, Pox meso and Pox neuro, are described. In contrast to the previously isolated paired domain genes, paired and gooseberry, which contain both a paired and a homeo-domain (PHox genes), Pox meso and Pox neuro possess no homeodomain. Evidence suggesting that the new genes encode tissue-specific transcriptional factors and belong to the same regulatory casc...

Over an approximately 80-year period since the description of the Sharka disease, the plum pox virus (PPV) has been thoroughly studied on various levels of the infection cycle. World-wide distribution of the virus, severity of the disease for the fruit industry with a potential to be further increased and discovery/emergence of new strains make PPV the most epidemiologically important viral pat...

The initial symptoms in all these atypical cases were of a mild nature?the fever generally not going above 101 ?F. with slight pains in the body, except in about four cases where the patients complained hardly of any fever or pain. The majority of the cases were among children under ten. The distribution of the rash resembled very closely that of small-pox, and in several cases the numbers of e...

1 male was brought to the hospital with severe headache, vomiting and seizures. The illness started with profuse rash predominantly on the trunk, limbs and also on the face two weeks back. The lesions were centripetal and were diagnosed to be chicken pox. The lesions were in crusting stage when the patient developed neurological complaints. His symptoms started with sudden onset of headache whi...

The State of Bhurtpoor, in common with, the surrounding districts, had been free from small-pox for nearly four years, when the present outbreak began. Having no data to go upon, I shall not speculate on the origin of the epidemic. Some of the first cases were in famine-stricken refugees from Bikanir and Marwar, and the disease had appeared in Agra a full month before these were noted; but its ...

Avian pox is a viral disease with a wide host range. In Great Britain, avian pox in birds of the Paridae family was first diagnosed in a great tit (Parus major) from south-east England in 2006. An increasing number of avian pox incidents in Paridae have been reported each year since, indicative of an emergent infection. Here, we utilise a database of opportunistic reports of garden bird mortali...