on one hand, oil is the greatest energy resource in the world and, on the other hand, because of the role of oil revenue in the economic of oil producer countries, such as iran,it is vital for these countries. so it is necessary to recognize different affective parameters on oil market for these countries. in this research, we try to forecast oil price as an important variable in world wide oil...

This paper analyzes how producer cooperatives may bene t households in rural environments. In particular, it explores if cooperatives help poor households to exit poverty through three mechanisms: increases in prices, total factor productivity, and relaxation of credit constraints. In a multi-period model I characterize the conditions that must hold so that the always poor can exit poverty when...

Slotting allowances, which are lump-sum transfers paid by food manufacturers to grocery retailers in return for various retail concessions, are becoming increasingly common in wholesale grocery markets. This article extends the literature on slotting allowances by considering two features that previously have been ignored: the role of food processors in determining these pricing arrangements, a...

Food security and economic welfare strongly depend on agricultural production, the loss of this production can be a serious challenge for food security and economic welfare. Agricultural production is also influenced by environmental and climatic factors so that the variations of climatic parameters can trigger extensive fluctuations in agricultural production. This study classifies climate cha...

BACKGROUND To assess the effect of policies supporting local medicine production to improve access to medicines. METHODS We adapted the WHO/HAI instruments measuring medicines availability and prices to differentiate local from imported products, then pilot tested in Ethiopia and Tanzania. In each outlet, prices were recorded for all products in stock for medicines on a country-specific list....

One of the major challenges for monetary policy is to predict how exchange rate fluctuations affect inflation and price indices. Hence, main objective this study examine fluctuation in indices Iran. This paper analyzes effects on other macroeconomic variables Iran during period 2004-Q1 2018-Q4, using framework a recursive VAR model, drawing Bernanke (1986) Sims (1986).The results indicate that ...

The aim of this article is to supply the first empirical research inspecting how changes in diesel prices influence four agricultural commodities Bulgaria. For purpose, using a VECM and monthly commodity between January 2011 July 2022, we estimated short-run long-run producer retail cow’s milk, chicken eggs, greenhouse tomatoes cucumbers due change average prices. Granger causality test indicat...

The purpose of this study is to examine changes in financial data and market prices for producer shares on the IDX from 2018 2021, partially simultaneously. Very extraordinary or volatile. In general, course, it greatly influences opinion speculators prospective economists manufacturing issuers Indonesia. population total number companies 2018–2021 period, approximately 178 a sample with 112 un...

        This paper proposes a new forecasting model for investigating relationship between the price of crude oil, as an important energy source and GDP of the US, as the largest oil consumer, and the UK, as the oil producer. GMDH neural network and MLFF neural network approaches, which are both non-linear models, are employed to forecast GDP responses to the oil price changes. The resul...