the current study assessed the climate change impacts on land productivity of major food and non-food grain crops in india. we compiled panel data for 30 years (1980-2009) using fifteen crops across thirteen agriculture intensive states. the value of production for each crop is estimated by farm harvest price (at constant prices, 1993-1994). aggregate value of production on per hectare land is ...

Economics depends on the economic scale of planning. Economists study the characteristics of the production function, while community operating management focuses on demand realization, so that loss of sales or inventory prevents cost reductions and maximizes profits. However, companies with a lack of capacity need to achieve economies of scale and demand to realize them simultaneously, especia...

In response to recent discussions regarding the ability of hospitals to achieve gains in productivity, we present two methodologies that attempt to measure multifactor productivity (MFP) in the hospital sector. We analyze each method and conclude that the inconsistencies in their outcomes make it difficult to estimate a precise level of MFP that hospitals have historically achieved. Our goal in...

Introduction: The kinds of costs included in cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) for vaccines, such as direct medical and indirect costs, may affect their outcomes. While some guidelines recommend inclusion associated with productivity losses/gains, very little guidance is provided about the elements to include calculation approach.Areas covered: We conducted a systematic review CEAs vaccines va...