The pathogenesis of the slow virus encephalopathies and multiple sclerosis is reviewed within the framework of the immune response. The diseases are analyzed for the component of the immune response that appears to be crucial to the host's failure to control the disease. Thus, the absence of an immune response in the spongiform encephalopathies appears to reflect a failure of antigen recognitio...

Background: Heart failure is one of the most common cardiovascular disorders and is considered a chronic, progressive and debilitating disorder. The medical treatment of this disease is accompanied by many problems. Today, stem cells are being used increasingly to reduce the problems of heart failure treatments. Since pro-inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the prognosis and progre...

Muscular work requires the integration of cardiopulmonary mechanisms for gas exchange and O2 delivery. In patients with chronic cardiac failure, the response of these mechanisms may be impaired, and the pattern of O2 utilization (VO2) and gas exchange during exercise would thus provide an objective assessment of the severity of heart failure. Accordingly, rates of air flow, O2 uptake, CO2 elimi...

primary cardiac sarcomas are very rare and there is no consensus on management. clinical presentation is usually late. despite newer diagnostic technology, prognosis remains dismal. we report a case of right atrial sarcoma in a 28-year-old man who presented with acute cardiac tamponade. emergency subxiphoid pericardial drainage stabilized the patient's critical condition. the lesion was advance...

leigh syndrome is a severe progressive neurodegenerative disorder with different clinical presentationsthat usually becomes apparent in the first year of life and rarely in late childhood and elderly years. it is causedby failure of mitochondrial respiratory chain and often results in regression of both mental and motor skills and might even lead to death. in some of the inherited neurodegenera...

  I n a survey of pneumonia due to Mycoplasma 282 out of 12168 ovine and caprine lung condemnation were collected (2.32%). Mycoplasma spp. has been isolated from pneumonic cases in 4 sheep and 2 goats. PCR studies were confirmed the genus of Mycoplasma although attempting for identification of strains M. mycoides, M. capricolum/caprine pleuropneumonia and M. arginin were in failure. The lesions...

Reply Sir, We thank Drs Calo and Davis for highlighting their interesting studies. We were, in fact, aware of these studies and have used them as background in grant applications in the broader context. Our paper was not intended to be a review of the literature, since this area, we believe, is still evolving. It is always a subjective decision which references to include or not in any given pu...

We present an interesting case of a young female smoker who was hospitalized for shortness of breath and acute renal insufficiency (serum creatinine = 2.8 mg/dL). Few weeks prior to admission, she was discovered to have a right lung mass, and a biopsy confirmed lung adenocarcinoma. Her work-up revealed an unremarkable urinalysis quantitatively and on microscopic analysis. Renal ultrasound demon...