The recognition that most microorganisms in the environment cannot be cultured by standard methods stimulated the development of metagenomics, which is the genomic analysis of uncultured microorganisms. Two types of analysis have been used to obtain information from metagenomic libraries: a function-driven approach, in which metagenomic libraries are initially screened for an expressed trait, a...

It has long been recognized that delayed emesis can be difficult to control. As many as 90% of patients receiving high-dose cisplatin regimens ( 120 mg/m2) are reported to experience delayed nausea or vomiting despite antiemetic prophylaxis with high-dose metoclopramide and dexamethasone on the day of cisplatin treatment. The incidence of symptoms is greatest between 48 and 72 hours after cispl...

Triphenylethylene structures similar to tamoxifen (Nolvadex) were first used in the 1940s, but in comparison to synthetic and natural estrogens used at that time, they were not particularly potent antitumor agents. [1,2] Tamoxifen was introduced into the clinic in 1969. Because of its much improved toxicity profile over the estrogens and androgens in use at that time, it rapidly gained acceptan...

Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is an autosomal recessive multi-system disorder caused by mutation in the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated gene (ATM). ATM is a large serine/threonine protein kinase, a member of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related protein kinase (PIKK) family whose best-studied function is as master controller of signal transduction for the DNA damage response (DDR) in the event of d...

Compelling evidences for oscillactions of solar and atmospheric neutrinos have been acumulated over the last years[1]. The neutrino oscillations have been also confirmed with artificially produced neutrinos. The neutrino oscillations imply the existence of 3-neutrino mixing in vacuum. This vast experimental program has proven the oscillation between sets of two neutrino flavours. The existence ...

Epigenetic modification can mediate environmental influences on gene expression and can modulate the disease risk associated with genetic variation. Epigenetic analysis therefore holds substantial promise for identifying mechanisms through which genetic and environmental factors jointly contribute to disease risk. The spatial and temporal variance in epigenetic profile is of particular relevanc...

The global eradication of measles is desirable because the disease occurs almost universally, affects large numbers of children, can cause serious complications, and is responsible for about 900 000 deaths a year in developing countries. The feasibility of a measles eradication programme is suggested by the success of smallpox eradication, the availibility of a heat-stable, cheap, and effective...

Commercially available high-resolution three-dimensional optical imaging modalities-including confocal microscopy, two-photon microscopy, and optical coherence tomography-have fundamentally impacted biomedicine. Unfortunately, such tools cannot penetrate biological tissue deeper than the optical transport mean free path (approximately 1 mm in the skin). Photoacoustic tomography, which combines ...

This article examines prospects for theories and methods of preferences, both in the specific sense of the preferences of the ideal rational agents considered in economics and decision theory and in the broader interplay between reasoning and rationality considered in philosophy, psychology, and artificial intelligence. Modern applications seek to employ preferences as means for specifying, des...