The Frege-Russell view is that existence is a second-order property rather than a property of individuals. One of the most compelling arguments for this view is based on the premise that there is an especially close connection between existence and number. The most promising version of this argument is by C.J.F. Williams (1981, 1992). In what follows, I argue that this argument fails. I then de...

Providing healthy food and protecting sources from pollution has been one of the concerns of human societies and decision – making centers so that protecting food from pollution, detecting sources of pollution and measuring them become important. Because of nutritive and political significance of grape in this area, extensive use of leaf and fruit of this plant, developing urban areas around gr...

many pieces of research have investigated the environmental variable including environmental beliefs, values, attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors among iranian people, but their coverage has not gone beyond a few provinces. this research investigates the status of iranian's environmental values (in micro and macro level) in national level and gone beyond description by targeting explanatio...

Redistributive objectives influence the optimal provision of a pure public good— such as air quality— only if costless transfers are not available. In an urban program, the emphasis in the control strategy will shift somewhat toward goods and services consumed predominantly by the wealthier, such as transportation services, vehicles and fuels. If instruments affect rural areas as well, optimal ...

T he growing capacity to build and manipulate materials at the nanoscale is both thrilling and challenging. Engineering at the level of atoms allows much needed problem-solving and innovation, but also raises questions about how to assess the effects and safety of the materials created. The promise and the challenge are especially acute in the domain of nanomedicine. Nanotherapeutics and in viv...

Lands can be "less favored" by nature or by man for many reasons. Some areas, often on hillsides, have soils that are at risk for degradation but could produce good crops under certain conditions. Others have soils that are so poor farmers cannot even think about growing crops there. Others have productive soils but are inaccessible and need infrastructure like roads to make it worthwhile for f...

Finance is a precondition for many of the activities that harm ecosystems, but how to address this underlying driver biodiversity loss remains topic debate. This paper reviews Task Force on Nature-Related Financial Disclosures (TNFD), corporate-led effort aims identify changes may create financial risks companies and investors. approach also promoted as strategy managing impact business biodive...

Abstract The main objective in this article is to study the issue of development and lasting competitiveness and to study its dimensions and also to acquainted with its related components and how to achieve it. In fact, to get acquainted with competitiveness is as a development that would prevent imposition of cultural, Economical, and social and/or environment damages on future generations. ...