Memories that were easily accessible (i.e., quickly retrieved in a memory-fluency task) of Italian university students were assessed. They were from four periods of life: preschool, elementary school, middle school, and high school/university. Half of the participants were instructed to recall only memories involving parents, and the other half memories involving friends. Across age at the time...

Remembering an event from the past is often complicated by the fact that our memories are cluttered with similar events. Though competition is a fundamental part of remembering, there is little evidence of how mnemonic competition is neurally represented. Here, we assessed whether competition between visual memories is captured in the relative degree to which target vs. competing memories are r...

In this chapter, we delineate the neural activity associated with conscious memories characterized by different degrees of ‘retrieval content’ (i.e. sensory/contextual detail). Based primarily on neuroimaging evidence, we identify the neural regions that are associated most consistently with the following conscious memory processes: retrieval success versus retrieval attempt, remembering versus...

Mammals suffering damage to the hippocampus display a dramatic loss of explicit, recently formed memories (retrograde amnesia). In contrast, deficits in the ability to form new memories following hippocampal damage (anterograde amnesia) can be overcome with sufficient training. By combining contextual fear conditioning with lesions of the dorsal hippocampus in rats, we discovered that while ani...

Childhood amnesia has been attributed to the inaccessibility of early memories as children grow older. We propose that systematic biases in the age estimates of memories may play a role. A group of 4- to 9-year-olds children were followed for 8 years, recalling and dating their earliest childhood memories at three time points. Although children retained many of the memories over time, their age...

Some therapists, as well as other commentators, have suggested that memories of horrific trauma are buried in the subconscious by some special process, such as repression, and are later reliably recovered. We find that the evidence provided to support this claim is flawed. Where, then, might these memory reports come from? We discuss several research paradigms that have shown that various manip...

(received 2 dec 2012, accepted 31 dec 2012) family photography is a genre of photography which is created in the context of everyday life and includes the photographs that families produce and gather through their lifetime and often keep them in their homes, workplaces and family albums, they documentsome moments in family life. these collections include the photographs which are taken by the p...