When an ion moves across the interface of two immiscible electrolytes it moves together with the ion-induced protrusion of one solvent into the other. For an infinitely slow motion of an ion the height of the protrusion, heq , is a function of the position of the ion z. Due to a finite relaxation time the protrusion may not be able to spontaneously follow the motion of the ion, and this will ca...

AIMS The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlations between clinical symptoms (pain), physical examination, ultrasound (US), and radiological findings in patients with bilateral knee osteoarthritis (OA). MATERIAL AND METHODS Knee pain was appreciated during medial and lateral palpation of each knee joint and using visual analogue scale (VAS) and The Western Ontario and McMaster Univers...

Spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae are human pathogens that infect cells in the vasculature. They disseminate through host tissues by a process of cell-to-cell spread that involves protrusion formation, engulfment, and vacuolar escape. Other bacterial pathogens rely on actin-based motility to provide a physical force for spread. Here, we show that SFG species Rickettsia parkeri typically lac...

Directed cell migration in native environments is influenced by multiple migratory cues. These cues may include simultaneously occurring attractive soluble growth factor gradients and repulsive effects arising from cell-cell contact, termed contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL). How single cells reconcile potentially conflicting cues remains poorly understood. Here we show that a dynamic cross...

Actin regulators facilitate cell migration by controlling cell protrusion architecture and dynamics. As the behavior of individual actin regulators becomes clear, we must address why cells require multiple regulators with similar functions and how they cooperate to create diverse protrusions. We characterized Diaphanous (Dia) and Enabled (Ena) as a model, using complementary approaches: cell cu...

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between incisor and condyle movement during protrusion in children with primary dentition. Subjects were categorized into two age groups. A primary dentition group consisted of 20 children and a permanent dentition group consisted of 25 women. The occlusions and TMJs in both groups were normal, with no history of orthodontic treatment...

Although several models have been proposed to account for how cytoskeleton polymerization drives protrusion in cell motility, the precise mechanism remains controversial. Here, we show that, in addition to force exerted directly against the membrane by growing filaments, the way elongating filaments pack also contributes to protrusion by generating an expansion of the cytoskeleton gel. Tomograp...

The ability of cells to extend cell membranes is central to numerous biological processes, including cell migration, cadherin-mediated junction formation and phagocytosis. Much attention has been focused on understanding the signals that trigger membrane protrusion and the architecture of the resulting extension. Similarly, cell adhesion has been extensively studied, yielding a wealth of inform...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The infraorbital nerve arises from the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve and normally traverses the orbital floor in the infraorbital canal. Sometimes, however, the infraorbital canal protrudes into the maxillary sinus separate from the orbital floor. We systematically studied the prevalence of this variant. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective revi...

Eukaryotic cells possess motility mechanisms allowing them not only to self-propel but also to exert forces on obstacles (to push) and to carry cargoes (to pull). To study the inherent asymmetry between active pushing and pulling we model a crawling acto-myosin cell extract as a one-dimensional layer of active gel subjected to external forces. We show that pushing is controlled by protrusion an...