After dropping rapidly and steadily over two decades, fertility in Iran stabilized between 2001 2011 at around 1.9 to 2 children per woman, before starting rise slightly 2012 2016, then falling fairly quickly. This coincided with the implementation of Islamic Republic’s new population policy, its aggressive coercive measures, one whose goals was reverse downwards trend fertility. Given changes ...

The distinctions inherent in the proximate-ultimate dichotomy have a long history. I examined several issues related to this distinction. It is important that distinctions among different problem areas be made so that the type of answer presented in research in animal behavior is appropriate for the type of questions being asked. This may require more than the two-way distinction between the pr...

Abstract The Gini coefficient of labor earnings in Brazil fell by nearly a fifth between 1995 and 2012, from 0.50 to 0.41. decline other measures inequality was even larger, with the 90-10 percentile ratio falling almost 40 percent. Applying micro-econometric decomposition techniques, this study parses out proximate determinants substantial reduction inequality. Although education premium did p...

pearl millet has tolerance to harsh growing conditions such as drought. it is at least equivalent to maize and generally superior to sorghum in protein content and metabolizable energy levels. thus it is of importance for poultry feeding. amino acid (aa) determination is expensive and time consuming. therefore nutritionists have prompted a search for alternatives to estimate aa levels. traditio...

BACKGROUND Information dealing with social and behavioural risk factors as well as their mechanisms among Mozambican migrants working in South African mines remains undocumented. This study aims to understand the various factors influencing HIV-related risk behaviours and the resulting HIV positive status of Mozambican miners employed by South African mines. This analysis was undertaken in orde...

Anthropogenic climate change is predicted to be a major cause of species extinctions in the next 100 years. But what will actually cause these extinctions? For example, will it be limited physiological tolerance to high temperatures, changing biotic interactions or other factors? Here, we systematically review the proximate causes of climate-change related extinctions and their empirical suppor...

Systematic exploration of the relative strength of the many determinants of health requires a framework or model for organizing research endeavors. Despite the 150year-old literature on social determinants of health, there have been few efforts at developing such a model. The Lalonde Report (1974), 1 which popularized a prior conceptualization of health as being determined by biological, enviro...