The human ankle produces a large burst of 'push-off' mechanical power late in the stance phase of walking, reduction of which leads to considerably poorer energy economy. It is, however, uncertain whether the energetic penalty results from poorer efficiency when the other leg joints substitute for the ankle's push-off work, or from a higher overall demand for work due to some fundamental featur...

There have been two broad theories of inflation, namely the demand-pull theory of inflation (that is nowadays mainly the monetary theory of inflation) and the cost-push theory of inflation. The mainstream macroeconomics views inflation as a monetary phenomenon in the long run. Iran has experienced double-digit rates of inflation for about four decades. Our main aim is an explanation for the lon...

introduction patellar dislocation is an emergency. vertical patellar dislocation is rare, often seen in adolescents and mostly due to sports injuries or high-velocity trauma. few cases have been reported in the literature. closed or open reduction under general anesthesia is often needed. we report a case of vertical locked patellar dislocation in a 26-year-old male, which was reduced by a simp...