Whole cell pertussis vaccines (Pw) induce Th1 responses and protect against Bordetella pertussis infection, whereas pertussis acellular vaccines (Pa) induce Ab and Th2-biased responses and also protect against severe disease. In this study, we show that Pw failed to generate protective immunity in TLR4-defective C3H/HeJ mice. In contrast, protection induced with Pa was compromised, but not comp...

Ranaviruses infect fish, amphibians, and reptiles. The present study was conducted to compare the persistence of amphibian and reptilian ranaviruses in a pond habitat. The 4 viruses used in this study included 2 amphibian ranaviruses, Frog virus 3 (FV3, the type species of the genus Ranavirus) and an isolate from a frog, and 2 ranaviruses of reptilian origin (from a tortoise and from a gecko). ...

Since the end of 1970's-and the success of the New Classical School –, the face of macroeconomics has changed profoundly. On the one hand, the research has turned gradually away from the analysis of the short-term fluctuations to favor a study of the long term determining factors of macroeconomic variables. One has studied the determinants of growth and has interpreted the cycles as fluctuation...

We calculate the single-particle Green’s function for a contact interaction with nearest-neighbor hopping on a square lattice as a function of chemical potential m . This allows us to investigate the dependence of the leading Fermi-liquid dependencies on the band structure as the Fermi surface evolves from a circle at m ;24t to a square at m50. The form of the single-particle self-energy S(pW ,...

BACKGROUND Adolescents in residential substance use disorder (SUD) treatment have poor outcomes post-discharge, with follow-up studies suggesting that most adolescents relapse within 90 days. Parenting practices directly influence adolescent SUD outcomes, but parents of adolescents with SUDs are difficult to engage in traditional behavioral treatments. The current study adapts and evaluates a t...

BACKGROUND Research evaluating the effect of comprehensive coach education and practice contact restriction in youth football injury rates is sparse. In 2012, USA Football released their Heads Up Football coaching education program (HUF), and Pop Warner Football (PW) instituted guidelines to restrict contact during practice. PURPOSE To compare injury rates among youth football players aged 5 ...

[1] We use four-year time series of precipitable water (PW) and zenith neutral delay (ZND) derived from a GPS network in Hawaii to show that the statistical distributions of these quantities are closely approximated by the lognormal distribution. The long term average and median values of precipitable water decline exponentially with height, or very nearly so. The arithmetic standard deviation ...

Estimation of precipitable water (PW) in the atmosphere from ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS) essentially involves modeling the zenith hydrostatic delay (ZHD) in terms of surface Pressure (Ps) and subtracting it from the corresponding values of zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) to estimate the zenith wet (non-hydrostatic) delay (ZWD). This further involves establishing an appropriate ...