Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) is one of the most popular distance-based methods to reconstruct an equidistant phylogenetic tree from a distance matrix computed alignment sequences. Since we use trees as gene for phylogenomic analyses under multi-species coalescent model and since input each in genome estimated via maximum likelihood estimators, it important conduct r...

The objective of the present paper is to study maximum radius r a connected graph order n, minimum degree δ ≥ 2 and girth at least g 4. Erdős, Pach, Pollack Tuza proved that if = 4, is, triangle-free, then ≤ n − + 12, noted up value additive constant, this upper bound tight. In we shall determine exact maximum. For larger values little known. We settle for 6 , 8 prove an every even g, which con...

In this article, the effect of cells' radius on the behavior of wavelength switching optical filter andthe effect of the radius of the optical filters' key characteristics such as wavelength resonance onan optical filter based on photonic crystals, have been investigated. Currently, the most commonapplied mechanism for designing optical filter based on photonic crystals is using twomechanisms s...

A‎s we know, developing mathematical models and numerical procedures that would appropriately treat and solve systems of linear equations where some of the system's parameters are proposed as fuzzy numbers is very important in fuzzy set theory. For this reason, many researchers have used various numerical methods to solve fuzzy linear systems. In this paper, we define the concepts of midpoint a...

The Galerkin weighted residuals method is extended solve the laminar, fully developed flow and heat transfer of Al2O3-water nanofluid inside polygonal ducts with round corners for the constant heat flux and uniform wall temperature boundary conditions. Using the method, semi-analytical, closed-form solutions are obtained for the friction coefficient and the Nusselt number in terms of the radius...