This chapter describes basic logic circuits. This can be seen as largely background material for applications in later chapters in the design of dividers and phase detectors in frequency synthesizers. The types of logic discussed will be CMOS rail-to-rail logic, CMOS current mode logic (CML), bipolar CML, and bipolar emitter coupled logic (ECL). Note that CML is a general term and applies to bo...

This study evaluates rail transit benefits based on a comprehensive analysis of transportation system performance in major U.S. cities. It finds that cities with large, wellestablished rail systems have significantly higher per capita transit ridership, lower average per capita vehicle ownership and annual mileage, less traffic congestion, lower traffic death rates, lower consumer expenditures ...

AbstractA BiCMOS rail-to-rail operational amplifier capable of operating from supply voltages as low as 1.W is presented. A new technique of achieving a rail-to-rail input common mode range us'ing a bipolar input stage is developed. The new technique avoids the use of complementary pairs at the input and thus avoids complicated schemes for monitoring the constant g,?, . The resulting variation ...

Rail is a framework for building web applications that can precisely identify inappropriately disclosed data after a vulnerability is discovered. To do so, Rail introduces retroactive disclosure auditing: re-running the application with previous inputs once the vulnerability is fixed, to determine what data should have been disclosed. A key challenge for Rail is to reconcile state divergence be...

When birds move around in their natural environment the feathers on the wings are exposed to various factors that reduce their performance, such as UV-radiation, mechanical wearing and bacteria. In time the feathers get worn out and are replaced. This usually happens once a year by a process called moult. Some bird species differs from this pattern and moult twice a year. This behavior may have...

The rodent vibrissal-trigeminal system is one of the most widely used models for the study of somatosensation and tactile perception, but to date the field has been unable to quantify the complete set of mechanical input signals generated during natural whisking behavior. In this report we show that during whisking behavior of awake rats (Rattus norvegicus), the whisker will often bend out of i...

this paper proposes a low voltage (±0.55v supply voltage) low power (44.65µw) high common mode rejection ratio (cmrr) differential amplifier (d.a.) with rail to rail input common mode range (icmr), constant transconductance (gm) and enhanced frequency performance. its high performance is obtained using a simple negative averaging method so that it cancels out the common mode input signals at th...

The realization of fast datapaths in signal processing environments requires fastest logic styles with synchronous behavior. This paper presents a systematic method which efficiently combines improvements on algorithm and logic level. Thus, the design of power efficient, fast and synchronous pipelines is possible. To reduce the power consumption of dynamic logic, we show methods for single-rail...

This paper presents a low-voltage low-power differential linear transconductor with near rail-to-rail input swing. Based on the current-mirror OTA topology, the proposed transconductor combines the Flipped Voltage Follower (FVF) technique to linearize the transconductor behavior that leads to classAB linear operation and the virtual transistor technique to lower the effective threshold voltages...