We examine the life cycle costs, environmental discharges, and deaths of moving coal via rail, coal gas via pipeline, and electricity via wire from the Powder River Basin (PRB) in Wyoming to Texas. Which method has least social cost depends on how much additional investment in rail line, transmission, or pipeline infrastructure is required, as well as how much and how far energy is transported....

It is conspicuously to announce that China has already become the country with the largest-scale market as well as the fastest growing urban rail transit in the world. This article, from the perspective of production and operation, has described the status quo of the informationization of rail transit enterprises and analyzed the demands for functions of operation information system of these en...

Dual Rail Precharge (DRP) circuits, which are theoretically secure against differential power analysis attacks, suffer from an implementation problem: balancing routing capacitance of differential signals. To solve this, four proposals have been put forward: DWDDL [18], FatWire [19], Backend Duplication [4] and Three Phase Dual Rail [2]. Of these, three of them (DWDDL, FatWire, Backend Duplicat...

The dynamics of a railway vehicle are driven by the geometry and conditions at the wheel-rail contact. Typically the condition and shape of the wheel and rail are monitored separately and off-line. The work presented here is part of ongoing research into on-line modelbased estimation of parameters in the wheel-rail contact dynamics. This paper outlines a practical approach to estimating a nonli...

Direct current (DC) traction power systems are widely used in metro transport systems, with running rails usually being used as return conductors. When traction current flows through the running rails, a potential voltage known as “rail potential” is generated between the rails and ground. Currently, abnormal rises of rail potential exist in many railway lines during the operation of railway sy...

We apply real time physics techniques from video game development to the simulation of rail vehicles for rapid analysis of the stability of the wheel rail interface. We introduce a fast simulation algorithm for the wheel rail interface, using a splinebased approach to approximate the gravitational stiffness force. We compare our simulation to results achieved from solving the Nadal equation for...

This paper presents an asynchronous FPGA that combines 4-phase dual-rail encoding and LEDR (Level-Encoded Dual-Rail) encoding. 4-phase dual-rail encoding is employed to achieve small area and low power for function units, while LEDR encoding is employed to achieve high throughput and low power for the data transfer using programmable interconnection resources. Area-efficient protocol converters...

Damage to the surface of railway wheels and rails commonly occurs in most railways and, if not detected at an early stage, can result in rapid deterioration and possible failure incurring high maintenance costs. If detected at an early stage these maintenance costs can be minimised. This paper presents an investigation into the use of time-frequency analysis of vibrations in railway vehicles fo...

Recently, many cities have launched new rail transit lines. Once these new rail transit lines start commercial operation, they will play important roles as competitors to conventional bus services. In this paper, the effects of nationalization on equilibria have been studied in a mixed duopoly public transport market, in which one publicly-owned rail transit operator competes with one private b...

The objective of the RAIL (Robotic Aid to Independent Living) project is to develop a viable, low cost robotic aid, based upon the Handy 1 rehabilitation robot (fig. 1). The RAIL system will enable people with severe disabilities to gain independence in important daily living activities such as teeth cleaning, shaving and washing. Also attachments will be designed to allow the RAIL robot to ful...