Altimetry range, wave height, and wind speed measurements are often corrupted by two effects over the ocean: rain and sea-ice. Radiometer measurements, which provide the altimetric wet troposphere correction, are similarly corrupted by the presence of rain or sea-ice in the instrument's footprint. To avoid contamination of sea surface height measurements, it is imperative that data influenced b...

Similar to insects, birds and pterosaurs, bats have evolved powered flight. But in contrast to other flying taxa, only bats are furry. Here, we asked whether flight is impaired when bat pelage and wing membranes get wet. We studied the metabolism of short flights in Carollia sowelli, a bat that is exposed to heavy and frequent rainfall in neotropical rainforests. We expected bats to encounter h...

The behaviour of the sporulating soil-dwelling Bacillus cereus sensu lato (B. cereus sl) which includes foodborne pathogenic strains has been extensively studied in relation to its various animal hosts. The aim of this environmental study was to investigate the water compartments (rain and soil water, as well as groundwater) closely linked to the primary B. cereus sl reservoir, for which availa...

Abstract Over the recent decades, extreme precipitation events (EPEs) have become more frequent over Sahel. Their properties, however, so far received little attention. In this study spatial distribution, intensity, seasonality, and interannual variability of EPEs are examined, using both a reference dataset based on high-density rain gauge network Burkina Faso 24 gridded datasets. The datasets...

gross rainfall (gr) partitioning into throughfall (tf), stemflow (sf) and interception loss (i) was studied in a pure oriental beech (fagus orientalis lipsky) forest located in the central caspian region of northern iran. measurements were performed on a rainfall event basis in a 5625 m2 plot of the kheyrud forest research station of tehran university during 2008 and 2009 growing seasons. gr wa...

The construction and operation of a new device for automatic sampling of runoff during rainfall events is described. It is easily made, simple to use, not vulnerable to operational disturbances, and inexpensive, thus allowing use at many sites with reasonable costs. The basic principle is to use the weight of the rain to trigger the sample collection. To test the utility of the device, runoff d...