Sex steroids appear to be responsible for hyperactivation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis that occurs in mature semelparous Pacific salmon as a prelude to post-spawning (programmed) death. This study was undertaken to examine the direct effects of sex steroids on interrenal activity of semelparous (chinook salmon) and iteroparous (rainbow trout) salmonids using an in vitro i...

An edge-colored graph is \emph{rainbow }if no two edges of the have same color. $G^c$ called \emph{properly colored} if every adjacent receive distinct colors in $G^c$. A \emph{strongly edge-colored} a proper such that path length $3$ rainbow. We call an vertex pair-pancyclic} any vertices are contained rainbow cycle $\ell$ for each with $3 \leq \ell n$. In this paper, we show strongly order $n...

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, is an important aquaculture species worldwide and, in addition to being of commercial interest, it is also a research model organism of considerable scientific importance. Because of the lack of a whole genome sequence in that species, transcriptomic analyses of this species have often been hindered. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, we sou...

A k-rainbow dominating function of a graph G is a map f from V (G) to the set of all subsets of {1, 2, . . . , k} such that {1, . . . , k} = ⋃ u∈N(v) f(u) whenever v is a vertex with f(v) = ∅. The k-rainbow domination number of G is the invariant γrk(G), which is the minimum sum (over all the vertices of G) of the cardinalities of the subsets assigned by a k-rainbow dominating function. We focu...

An edge-coloured graph G is rainbow connected if any two vertices are connected by a path whose edges have distinct colours. This concept of rainbow connection in graphs was recently introduced by Chartrand et al.. The rainbow connection number of a connected graph G, denoted rc(G), is the smallest number of colours that are needed in order to make G rainbow connected. The computation of rc(G) ...

BACKGROUND: DT diaphorase (DTD; NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase; EC 1.6.99.2) catalyses the two electron reduction of quinones, thus preventing redox cycling and consequently quinone dependent production of reactive oxygen species. In rat and mouse, a wide range of chemicals including polyaromatic hydrocarbons, azo dyes and quinones induces DTD. Bifunctional compounds, such as beta-naphthoflavon...

Myxobolus cerebralis caused severe declines in rainbow trout populations across Colorado following its introduction in the 1980s. One promising approach for the recovery of Colorado's rainbow trout populations has been the production of rainbow trout that are genetically resistant to the parasite. We introduced one of these resistant crosses, known as the GR×CRR (cross between the German Rainbo...

Cryptanalytic time memory tradeoff is a tool for inverting one-way functions, and the rainbow table method, the best-known tradeoff algorithm, is widely used to recover passwords. Even though extensive research has been performed on the rainbow tradeoff, the algorithm actually used in practice differs from the well-studied original algorithm. This work provides a full analysis of the rainbow tr...

1 Dept. of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, USA, [email protected] 2 IIS, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, [byyang,owenhsin,mschen]@iis.sinica.edu.tw 3 Dept. of Elec. Eng., Nat'l Taiwan University, Taiwan, [email protected] Abstract. A recently proposed class of multivariate Public-Key Cryptosystems, the Rainbow-Like Digital Signature Schemes, in which successive sets of central va...

The rainbow has been the subject of discussion across a variety of historical periods and cultures, and numerous optical explanations have been suggested. Here, we further explore the scientific treatise De iride [On the Rainbow] written by Robert Grosseteste in the 13th century. Attempting to account for the shape of the rainbow, Grosseteste bases his explanation on the optical properties of t...