Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a mathematical method to evaluate the performance of decision-making units (DMU). In the performance evaluation of an organization based on the classical theory of DEA, input and output data are assumed to be deterministic, while in the real world, the observed values of the inputs and outputs data are mainly fuzzy and random. A normal distribution is a contin...

Rail irregularity is one of the most effective factors in train derailment. theste irregularities have generally random distribution that are assumed to be stationary random and ergodic processes in space, with Gaussian amplitude probabiliy densities and zero mean values. The quality of irregularities, their distribution along the rails and wagon speed are the main factors for train derailment ...

 Many Limit Theorems, Convergence Theorems and Characterization Theorems in Probability and Statistics, in particular those related to normal distribution , are based on the assumption of independence of two or more random variables. However, the full power of independence is not used in the proofs of these Theorems, since it is the distribution of summation of the random variables whic...