le chatelier's principle is used as a very simple way to predict the effect of a change in conditions on a chemical equilibrium. . however, several studies have reported the violation of this principle, still there is no reported simple mathematical equation to express the exact condition of violation in the gas phase reactions. in this article, we derived a simple equation for the violati...

Coupling reactions, most prominently Heck and Suzuki couplings but also Sonogashira coupling and allylic substitution, are established catalytic transformations for the synthesis of fine chemicals. The recovery of catalytically active complexes from such coupling reactions, by the concept of covalent binding to soluble polymers, has been studied by various research groups. This research, addres...

yet to find an argument that has convinced the public that GM is a green revolution we can ill afford to miss out on. Until ministers do so, GM crops will remain a much talked about idea, but never an eaten foodstuff.” “Proven: environmental dangers that may halt GM revolution” headed The Independent’s coverage. “British scientists delivered a massive blow to the case for genetically modified c...

Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable (damaging, discomfort producing and sometimes fatal) reactions produced by the normal immune system. Hypersensitivity reactions require a pre-sensitized (immune) state of the host. Hypersensitivity reactions can be divided into four types: type I, type II, type III and type IV, based on the mechanisms involved and time taken for the reaction. Frequently, a...

We report on an attempt to study the 1 8 0 ( p , 3 ~ e ) 1 6 ~ reaction in order to locate T=2 states in 1 6 ~ and, eventually, to identify T=2 states in 160 as well. This attempt failed. We will describe here the conditions of the run and the analysis of the results. In January 1988 we bombarded a 300 pg/cm2 W03 (enriched to over 99% in 180) target evaporated on a 75 p/cm2 12C foil1 with 90.5 ...

The tremendous growth of polymer production since the middle of the twentieth century has been intimately connected with the development of new types of catalysts, A notable example in this regard is the field of poly olefin materials, While catalysts are also used in the production of other types of polymers, the properties of most of these materials are not particularly dependent on the type ...

It has been argued that a substrate-induced conformational change involving the orientation of catalytic groups cannot affect the specificity for two substrates in an enzymatic system where the chemical step is rate limiting, because such an induced fit would alter the catalytic efficiency for both to an equal extent. To the contrary, the generalized induced-fit treatment described here shows t...