The redox status of the extracellular compartment has only just been elucidated as a mechanism controlling intracellular signal transduction and correlates with aging, diabetes, heart disease and lung fibrosis. In the present paper, we describe a mechanism by which oxidizing extracellular environments, as maintained by the cysteine/cystine (Cys/CySS) redox couple, induce mitochondria-derived RO...

Recent studies have demonstrated that cross talk between ceramide and redox signaling modulates various cell activities and functions and contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases and renal dysfunctions. Ceramide triggers the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increases oxidative stress in many mammalian cells and animal models. On the other hand, inhibition of ROS-...

Lescuraea morrisonensis (Takaki) Nog. fo. sichuanensis Wang, Hu & Redfearn reported from mainland China is synonymized to Actinothuidium hookeri (Mitt.) Broth. Filiform branched paraphyllia and triangular stemleaves which characterize A. hookeri are distinguishable from unbranched foliose paraphyllia and ovate-lanceolate stem-leaves of Lescuraea morrisonensis.

Eu(II) -based contrast agents offer physiologically relevant, metal-based redox sensing that is unachievable with Gd(III) -based contrast agents. To evaluate the in vivo contrast enhancement of Eu(II) as a function of injection type, we performed intravenous, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous injections in mice. Our data reveal a correlation between reported oxygen content and expected rates of...

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle for cellular metabolic homeostasis including folding and maturation of secretory and membrane proteins. Disruption of ER proteostasis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. The ER redox state, which is an oxidative environment suitable for disulfide-bond formation, is e...

Synthetic chiral platforms can be a powerful platform for enantioselective interactions, especially when coupled with redox-mediated electrochemical processes. While metallopolymers are versatile molecularly selective binding, their application applications is limited. In particular, the recognition and separation of biologically relevant molecules key biomanufacturing diagnostics. Here, design...

C ytochrome c oxidase is the terminal oxidase in cellular respiration. This membrane protein accepts electrons from ferrocytochrome c in the periplasmic space of the mitochondrion, one electron at a time, and transfers the reducing equivalents to the binuclear heme-iron copper site (the socalled Fea3, CuB site), where dioxygen binds and the O·O bond is subsequently cleaved (1). In this manner, ...

Ritonavir is a HIV protease inhibitor routinely prescribed to HIV patients that also potently inactivates cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4), the major human drug-metabolizing enzyme. By inhibiting CYP3A4, ritonavir increases plasma concentrations of other anti-HIV drugs oxidized by CYP3A4 thereby improving clinical efficacy. Despite the importance and wide use of ritonavir in anti-HIV therapy, the pr...

A Charge Transport (CT) mechanism has been proposed in several papers (e.g., Yavin et al. PNAS 102 3546 (2005)) to explain the localization of Base Excision Repair (BER) enzymes to lesions on DNA. The CT mechanism relies on redox reactions of iron-sulfur cofactors that modify the enzyme’s binding affinity. These redox reactions are mediated by the DNA strand and involve the exchange of electron...

Though this reaction has been widely employed as a redox probe in biological systems,1–4 we have a question as to why the reduced form of the nitroxyl radicals effectively works as a redox probe for oxidative stress in vivo regardless of their slow oxidation at electrodes, and their irreversible electrochemical property.5–7 We cannot help commenting that its reaction mechanism has been sufficie...