Considerable work has been done in recent years on estimating macroeconomic disequilibrium models. Important examples are Sneessens (1983), Kooiman and Kloek (1985), Sneessens and Dreze (1986), Lambert (1988) and Laroque (1988). The basic notion in these models is that prices and wages adjust too slowly to clear markets permanently so that agents on the 'long side of a market may get rationed a...

There are two different physical models connecting the micro-geometry of a surface and its physical reflectance properties (BRDF). The first, Cook-Torrance, assumes geometrical optics: light is reflected and masked by the micro-facets. In this model, the BRDF depends on the probability distribution of micro-facets normals. The second, Church-Takacs, assumes diffraction by the micro-geometry. In...

a Centre for Atmosphere Watch and Services, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China b Department of Computing, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK c State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by the Institute of Remote Sensing Applications of Chinese Academy of Sciences and...

We derive superalgebras in many types of supersymmetric M-brane backgrounds. The backgrounds examined here include the cases of the M-wave and the M-Kaluza-Klein monopole. On the basis of the obtained algebras, we deduce all the supersymmetric nonorthogonal intersections of the M-Kaluza-Klein monopole and the M-5-brane at angles. In addition, we present a 1/8 supersymmetric worldvolume three-br...

The Green and Ampl infiltration formula. as well as the T,llsmll and Parlangc formula. arc two-parameter equations that arc both expressible in h::rms of Lambert IV-functions. These representations are used to derive explicit. simple and accurate approximations for each CllSl.'. The IWO infiltmlion fonnulas are limiting caSt-os that can be deduced from an existing three.par.lmeter in· filtmtion...

Two months of spaceborne POLDER polarization measurements have been used to generate empirical surface bidirectional polarization distribution functions (BPDF’s). Eleven surface classes have been defined based on a surface classification and a vegetation index. Within each class, the surface polarized reflectance was found rather homogeneous. The surface polarized reflectance is highly anisotro...

A simple equation has been developed for describing the bidirectional reflectance of some vegetative canopies and bare soil surfaces. The equation describes directional reflectance as a function of zenith and azimuth view angles and solar azimuth angle. The equation works for simulated and field measured red and IR reflectance under clear sky conditions. Hemispherical reflectance can be calcula...

The atmospheric correction algorithm employed by the NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group requires an assumption of negligible water-leaving reflectance in the near-infrared region of the spectrum. For waters where this assumption is not valid, an optical model is used to estimate near-infrared water-leaving reflectance. We describe this optical model as implemented for the sixth reprocessing of...