Abstract In February 2022, the Iraqi Federal Supreme Court ( FSC ) issued a decision concerning (controversial) question of whether Kurdistan Region may independently export oil and enter into agreements with international companies for exploration production in this region. The issue has been dispute many years between Government Region, which status ‘federal region’ under 2005 Constitution. c...

Regional General Elections or often referred to as regional elections are a method mechanism for electing heads that based on the constitution and legal according law. With election, it is hoped fair, honest wise leader can be elected form democratic government, but in process there disputes over results of vote count so has potential cause conflict if not resolved quickly. To overcome this, go...

We give a formal treatment of optimal risk sharing contracts in the face of ambiguity. The ambiguity in a contract arises from clauses that are interpreted by the parties in di¤erent ways. The cost of ambiguity is represented in terms of perceived dispute costs. Taking the potential for dispute into account, we …nd that risk averse agents may forgo potential gains from risk sharing and choose i...

LINK TO PAPER Boundary Dispute Settlement Using Mobile GIS Track: State and Local Government Author(s): Jeroen Verplanke, Mike McCall Boundary disputes in Tanzania are occurring because of land tenure insecurity. Settling disputes is necessary to enable land use planning at the village level as required by the national planning authorities. Visualization of boundaries, with a PDA running ArcPad...

A central question in political science is how to best manage information asymmetries and commitment problems when disputes arise between states. We argue that existing work miss an important feature: dispute settlement institutions shape the incentives for entering disputes. Because war is the down-side risk from entering a dispute, institutions that reduce the chances of war-fighting may incr...

Networked systems are the driving force of modern business and commerce, underpinned by ideas such as agile enterprises, holonic manufacturing, and dynamic real-time supply chains. On occasions, the system operation will be sub-optimal or non-ideal, and disputes will occur between independent partners. It may be undesirable to resolve such disputes by recourse to law; preferably, the parties in...