The degree distributions of many real world networks follow power-laws whose exponents tend to fall between two and three. Within the framework of the Barabási-Albert model (BA model), we explain this empirical observation by a simple fact. To that end we propose a modified BA model with one parameter that serves as a regulatory factor for the growth rate of added links in scale-free networks. ...

In this work, the authors reviewed engine, vehicle, and fuel data since 1925 to examine the historical and recent coupling of compression ratio and fuel antiknock properties (i.e., octane number) in the U.S. light-duty vehicle market. The analysis identified historical time frames and trends and illustrated how three factors – consumer preferences, technical capabilities, and regulatory legisla...

Nuclear power accidents repeatedly reveal that the industry has an incomplete understanding of the complex risks involved in its operation. Through analyzing the investigation of a nuclear power incident in Sweden in 2006, I show how the industry’s learning practices shape recurrent normalization of risk regulation after such surprises. Learning is shaped through institutionalized measures of s...

With the unbundling and the restructuring of the electric power industry worldwide, the transmission component of the system has evolved from merely a means of providing shared reliability and seasonal sharing of resources to becoming the commercial highway. This evolution has allowed a series of institutional models of that highway to develop. Three concepts have emerged under an umbrella of R...

We study security issuers’ decisions on whether to pool assets when facing counterparties endowed with market power, as is common in over-the-counter markets. Our analysis reveals how buyers’ power may render the pooling of suboptimal — both privately and socially particular, potential gains from trade are large. Pooling then reduces elasticity volume relevant part payoff distribution, exacerba...

the public sector is an influential partner of the market economy in many developing countries. in the absence of government’s intervention, economic functioning of these countries could turn into constant disequilibrium without any hope of growth and economic prosperity. on the other hand unlimited government intervention could harm the economic growth by unnatural expansion of public sector a...

conclusions the inhibition of tregs is a novel therapeutic approach to cure chronically hbv infected patients. however, further studies are needed to investigate the safety and efficacy of this approach. results considering the increased levels of regulatory cytokines and also regulatory t cells (tregs) during chb, it seems that these cells are deeply involved in chb infection. the inhibition o...

Some digital business models may be so innovative that they overwhelm existing regulatory mechanisms, both legislation and historical jurisprudence, and require extension to or modification of antitrust law. Regulatory policies that were developed in response to 19th or 20th century antitrust concerns dealt principally with economies of scale leading to monopoly power, and may not be well suite...