Retroviruses produced from the quail packaging cell line SE21Q1b predominantly contain cellular RNAs instead of viral RNAs. These RNAs can be reverse transcribed and integrated into the genomes of newly infected cells and are thereafter referred to as newly formed retrogenes. We investigated whether retrogene formation can occur within SE21Q1b cells themselves and whether this occurs intracellu...

A murine model of pneumonia due to the mouse pneumonitis agent (MoPn [murine Chlamydia trachomatis]) in mice deficient in CD4+ T-cell function (major histocompatibility complex [MHC] class II function [class II-/-], CD8+ T-cell function (beta2-microglobulin deficient, MHC class I deficient [Beta2m-/-]), B-cell function (C57BL/10J-Igh(tm1Cgn) [Igh-/-]), and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) (C57BL/6-...

To the Editor: In 2004, a large number of patients infected with Plasmodium knowlesi (simian malarial species) were reported in Sarawak, Malaysia (1). P. knowlesi infection was also reported in Peninsular Malaysia (2). Here we report a case of human P. knowlesi reinfection. Phylogenetic sequence analysis shows that the fi rst and second infections were caused by different strains of P. knowlesi...

(H1N1) became resistant to both oseltamivir and amantadine in a short span of 1 month. Oseltamivir-resistant A/Brisbane/59/2007-like clade 2B virus that had reassorted with A/Hong Kong/2652/2006-like clade 2C virus had apparently spread in the community and to other regions of the world. The possibility of reassortment with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus is a major concern. Resistance to oseltamivi...

The objectives of endodontics are the prevention and cure periapical disease (Apical Periodontitis); which is achieved by cleaning disinfection root canal system subsequent obturation spaces filling with inert materials, avoiding reinfection persistent inflammation [1].