Until quantum repeaters become mature, networks remain restricted either to limited areas of directly connected nodes or a common node. We circumvent this limitation by conceiving using secure classical combined with the direct communication (QSDC) principle, which is compelling form that transmits information over channel. The final component promising solution our quantum-resistant algorithm....

The exchange of digitally signed data inherits all the problems related to the indeterminacy of human communication, which are further intensified by the legal implications of signing. One of the fundamental intrinsic weaknesses of digital signatures is that the signer creates a signature on a series of bits, which may be differently transformed and perceived by the verifier (or relying party),...

Many millions of users routinely use their Google accounts to log in to relying party (RP) websites supporting the Google OpenID Connect service. OpenID Connect, a newly standardised single-sign-on protocol, builds an identity layer on top of the OAuth 2.0 protocol, which has itself been widely adopted to support identity management services. It adds identity management functionality to the OAu...

PKIs are complex distributed systems that are responsible for giving users enough information to make reasonable trust judgments about one another. Since the currencies of PKI are trust and certificates, users who make trust decisions (often called relying parties) must do so using only some initial trust beliefs about the PKI and some pile of certificates (and other assertions) they received f...

The fundamental goal of PKIs is to provide a means for participating entities to establish and manage trust in other entities, either within or across domain boundaries. As PKIs have evolved, so has the set of alternate methods supporting validation of entities, their certificates, and their keys. Validation processing determines whether or not the acceptance of a certificate or key represents ...