CONTEXT The acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome are critical illnesses associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Mechanical ventilation is the cornerstone of supportive therapy. However, despite several important advances, the optimal strategy for ventilation and adjunctive therapies for patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome is ...

OBJECTIVE Although all definitions of acute respiratory distress syndrome use some measure of hypoxemia, neither the Berlin definition nor recently proposed pediatric-specific definitions proposed by the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference utilizing oxygenation index specify which PaO2/FIO2 or oxygenation index best categorizes lung injury. We aimed to identify variables associated...

We report on a term neonate with unexplained respiratory distress, dilatation of the descending aorta, and low serum retinol concentration. The respiratory distress did not respond to conventional medical management and persisted for 22 days requiring an inspired oxygen fraction of 0.4 to 0.5 to maintain adequate arterial oxygen saturation. One week after intramuscular vitamin A therapy, the re...

Laryngectomy patients usually have poor pulmonary functions due to long-term smoking. Their lungs can easily be decompensated. Hence, meticulous evaluation and timely management of severe respiratory distress in laryngectomy patients can be life savers. Here we present an interesting case of a laryngectomy patient with two different clinical presentations of life-threatening respiratory distres...

As in the adult with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome, the use of lung-protective ventilation has improved outcomes for neonatal lung diseases. Animal models of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and congenital diaphragmatic hernia have provided evidence that 'gentle ventilation' with low tidal volumes and 'open-lung' strategies of using positive end-expiratory pres...

Sixty infants (median gestational age 29 weeks) with acute and 60 infants (median gestational age 25 weeks) with chronic respiratory distress were randomised to be extubated either directly into a headbox or onto 3 cm H2O nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Our aim was to test the hypothesis that extubation onto nasal CPAP rather than directly into a headbox was more likely to be ...

Severe respiratory distress is a serious complication common to the three major causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity (prematurity, intra-partum-related hypoxia and infections). In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), 20% of babies presenting with severe respiratory distress die.Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), is an effective intervention for respiratory distress in newbor...

Objective: To establish the frequency of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in kidney transplant patients with pneumonia and to define the risk factors associated with its development. Material and Methods: 81 kidney transplant patients hospitalized with pneumonia for the period of three years were studied. All the recipients were observed for the development of Acute Respiratory Distress Synd...