This paper shows how to carry out a quantitative risk assessment, describing how each step in the process is carried out. We use the grade management system at the University of Bergen as a case study, evaluating the risk of wrong grades ending up in the university grade database.

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Purpose – This column looks at questions from teaching faculty about the use of copyright protected materials in an online course. Design/methodology/approach – Copyright guidelines are considered. The US TEACH Act and Fair Use statutes are examined, as well as how to make a risk assessment for the institution. Findings – US universities have a reasonable freedom to use protected materials in t...

The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) is currently a major summary statistic in ecotoxicity testing. Its use is heavily criticized, partly because it is a poor estimator of ‘‘safe’’ chemical concentrations. In this short communication, we review the limited information available on the percentage effect that corresponds with the NOEC, a value designated the ECNOEC, and calculate ECNOEC va...