conclusions rising youth awareness, creating a positive attitude, and appropriate knowledge about safe sex practices are seminal. it is also vital to ensure access to gender specific sexual and reproductive health services for youths, empower women, and strengthen their sexual assertiveness as well as the elimination of all forms of gender-based inequalities. background there are restrictions a...

The traditional two-stage stochastic programming approach assumes the distribution of the random parameter in a problem is known. In most practices, however, the distribution is actually unknown. Instead, only a series of historic data are available. In this paper, we develop a data-driven stochastic optimization framework to provide a risk-averse decision making under uncertainty. In our appro...

An intriguing finding in motor control studies is the marked effect of risk on movement decision making. However, there are inconsistent reports of risk-sensitivity across different movements and tasks, with both risk-seeking and risk-averse behavior observed. This raises the question of whether risk-sensitivity in movement decision making is context dependent and specific to the movement or ta...

In financial economics in general the objective function expresses the risk preferences of the decision maker, see for example the mean variance approach in portfolio theory. Only recently in inventory management instead of maximizing expected profit or minimizing expected cost risk-averse objective functions have been used for determining the optimal order quantity. Examples are the exponentia...

Humans and animals learn from experience by reducing the probability of sampling alternatives with poor past outcomes. Using simulations, J. G. March (1996) illustrated how such adaptive sampling could lead to risk-averse as well as risk-seeking behavior. In this article, the author develops a formal theory of how adaptive sampling influences risk taking. He shows that a risk-neutral decision m...

Engineering decisions are invariably made under substantial uncertainty about current and future system cost and response, including cost and response associated with low-probability, highconsequence events. A risk-neutral decision maker would rely on expected values when comparing designs, while a risk-averse decision maker might adopt nonlinear utility functions or failure probability criteri...

Risk preferences are generally measured with utility functions, which are subjective and usually restrict market agents to be risk averse. The current study investigates investors' preferences toward risk from the index price movement perspective. In a risk neutral market, future prices will increase or decrease with the same probability. However, if the market representative-agents are risk av...

This study provides direct evidence of whether female CEOs are more ethical or risk-averse by investigating the relationship between and related-party transactions (hereafter RPTs). Using a sample Chinese listed firms over 2005−2018, we find that CEO engage in fewer RPTs, suggesting not only but also ethical. Moreover, show firm performance increases when these allow less likely to opportunisti...

In previous research, aggregation of returns has been found as a way to counteract the risk averse behavior that is the result of investors’ myopia. This paper expands the study of aggregation by analyzing its effect on forward looking probabilities. Namely, through the disaggregation of future information, subjects become myopic and trade with varying risk preferences. In an experimental marke...

Experimental economic techniques have been widely used to evaluate human risk attitudes, but how these measured attitudes relate to overall individual wealth levels is unclear. Previous noneconomic work has addressed this uncertainty in animals by asking the following: (i) Do our close evolutionary relatives share both our risk attitudes and our degree of economic rationality? And (ii) how does...