ATR, activated by replication stress, protects replication forks locally and suppresses origin firing globally. Here, we show that these functions of ATR are mechanistically coupled. Although initially stable, stalled forks in ATR-deficient cells undergo nucleus-wide breakage after unscheduled origin firing generates an excess of single-stranded DNA that exhausts the nuclear pool of RPA. Partia...

INTRODUCTION Breakage of the screws which may cause non-union or collapse of vertebral structures has been a complication of the pedicle screw fixation at a rate of 3-7 % [1-2]. Recently, flexible rods have been used for dynamic stabilization to avoid complications such as adjacent segment degeneration due to excessive stiffness of the spinal fusion by allowing intersegmental motion at the surg...

Inspecting the behavior of the rockfill materials is of significant importance in analysis of rockfill dams. Since the dimensions of grains in such materials are greater than the conventional sizes suitable for soil mechanics tests, it is necessary to experimentally study them in specific large-scale apparatuses. In this research, the behavior of rockfill materials in two large rockfill dams co...

Breakage of overhead transmission lines and distribution will lead to severe power outage problems, clarifying the breakage mechanism is great importance value for reliability stability system. Taking ground wire example, this paper presents its study under lighting stoke based on finite element analysis. A multi-physics analysis model built first, which includes contact points. The current den...

most of the earth's crust contains fluids, and fractures are common throughout the upper part. they exist at a wide range of scales from micro-fractures within grains to major faults and shear zones that traverse the crust. in this paper, the stress-dependent permeability in fractured rock masses have been investigated considering the effects of nonlinear normal deformation and shear dilation o...

In this paper, an effective algorithm based on improved time-domain averaging is proposed to detect tool flute breakage during end milling using feed-motor current signatures. The algorithm proposed is demonstrated to be effective in detecting tool flute breakage in real time through a series of milling experiments, and is also demonstrated to be insensitive to the effects for transients, such ...

Phleomycin induces DNA breakage in vitro in the presence of the sulphydryl compound dithiothreitol. The reaction appears to be free radical-mediated, and requires oxygen and metal ions. Reaction rate is limited by the concentration of oxygen, which is converted to hydrogen peroxide during DNA breakage. However there is no net change in the sulphydryl compound. The proposed reaction mechanism in...

The loss of biological activity of phage λ DNA was much greater when the DNA was sheared using a ceramic-coated needle attached to a syringe compared with a conventional stainless steel needle. Inactivation of the biological activity was due to breakage at the middle of the molecule. The thickness of the ceramic-coating was a crucial factor for the breakage. Because approximately the same level...

Granule breakage is an important rate process in wet granulation that promotes product uniformity and controls size strength. In this work, a model to predict granule proposed experimentally validated. The assumes exponential of the surviving granules, dependent on probability breakage; function powder binder properties, as well operating parameters. Validation experiments were performed with b...