Molecular and cell biological processes often use proteins and structures that are significantly longer in one dimension than they are in the other two, for example, DNA, actin, and bacterial flagella. The dynamics of these structures are the consequence of the balance between the elastic forces from the structure itself and viscous forces from the surrounding fluid. Typically, the motion of th...

We present a detailed model of dimensional changes in long length artifacts, such as step gauges and ball bars, due to bending under gravity. The comprehensive model is based on evaluation of the gauge points relative to the neutral bending surface. It yields the errors observed when the gauge points are located off the neutral bending surface of a bar or rod but also reveals the significant er...

The influence of nanoparticle shape, in particular the sphere to rod transition, on surface forces and consequently the properties of colloidal fluids is an interesting but not well investigated phenomenon. Here, the surface force behaviour of concentrated surfactant solutions containing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and sodium salicylate with micelle shapes varying from slightly prolate to hi...

The growing global production of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) suggests a realistic increase in the environmental exposure to such a nanomaterial, making the knowledge of its biological reactivity and its safe-by-design synthesis mandatory. In this study, the embryotoxicity of ZnONPs (1-100 mg/L) specifically synthesized for industrial purposes with different sizes, shapes (round, rod) and ...

abstract   background: pseudoarthrosis of the tibia poses one of the most challenging treatment problems in all of orthopedics. the goal of the study was to assess the clinical outcome of intramedullary rod fixation in its treatment.   methods: the results of the management for nine patients with pseudoarthrosis of the tibia with im rod fixation were reviewed retrospectively between 1986 - 2006...

In animal models for retinitis pigmentosa (RP), rod photoreceptors show abnormal distribution of rhodopsin prior to undergoing cell death. To elucidate the steps in degeneration of human photoreceptors, immunocytochemistry was performed on donor retinas from 15 RP patients and five normal subjects. Rhodopsin immunolabeling in the normal retinas was restricted to the rod outer segments. In the R...

Microglial cells (or microglia) are the mononuclear phagocytes residing in the central nervous system (CNS). In homeostasis, they showed ramified morphology with relative small cell bodies and long processes (Figure 1A). They detect injury signals in the CNS and get activated. In the brain they undergo different stages of activation, which can be classified according to the morphological and im...

Corrosion of low alloy carbon steel in simulated crevices and a perforated envelope containing rod, mimicking the liner-overpack system, was assessed at 90 °C anoxic water-saturated clay. limited (< 1 ?m/year). The corroded surface exposed magnetite with fringe siderite. Internal corrosion heterogeneous due to gradual filling porewater, average depth for internal rod 11.5 ?m after 76 months. Ma...

PURPOSE Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) typically results from individual mutations in any one of >70 genes that cause rod photoreceptor cells to degenerate prematurely, eventually resulting in blindness. Gene therapies targeting individual RP genes have shown efficacy at clinical trial; however, these therapies require the surviving photoreceptor cells to be viable and functional, and may be economi...

A qualitative model that relates the period of the surface roughness to the vertical and spherical growth rates of glancing angle deposited GLAD nanorods suggests that rod self-shadowing is responsible for the previously reported temperature dependence in the rod width. Atomic shadowing interactions between neighboring rods as well as surface islands on the rod growth fronts control the morphol...