In this survey paper we present an iterative method to analyze linear programming formulations for combinatorial optimization problems. This method is introduced by Jain to give a 2-approximation algorithm for the survivable network design problem. First we will present Jain’s method and the necessary background including the uncrossing technique in Section 2. Then we extend the iterative metho...

The euro was introduced on the first of January 1999 as a common currency in fourteen European nations. EC regulations are fundamentally different from usual banking practices for they forbid fees when converting national currencies to euros (fees would otherwise deter users from adopting the euro); this creates a unique fraud context where money can be made by taking advantage of the EC’s offi...

to Section III, the factorized algorithm computes (14) and (15) with 36 multiplications and 90 additions. Other symmetries of (14) and (15) can be exploited: the first terms of the sums in (14) and also the first of d, and the second of di', the first of d; and the second of dd, the first of di' and the second of d; are pairwise equal, therefore, only 18 multiplications and 48 additions in GF(2...