Rubella is a vaccine-preventable, mild rash-inducing viral disease with complications that include a spectrum of birth defects in the developing fetus, especially if the infection is acquired in the early months of pregnancy. Consequently, the primary objective of global rubella control programs is prevention of congenital rubella infection and associated birth defects. Despite the availability...

Five different immunoassay formats were examined for their ability to detect a minute quantity of prey remains in predator guts. The convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Meneville, that had consumed either one or five pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), eggs was evaluated by the following immunoassays: three variations of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)...

A case of reinfection with the wild rubella virus in the 8th gestational week is reported. The patient had preexisting hemagglutination inhibition antibodies of low titer following immunization with rubella vaccine. Reinfection was accompanied by clinical symptoms and the presence of rubella-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) of high titer. Following termination of pregnancy no rubella virus could...

BACKGROUND Screening tests are available to determine immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases, such as mumps and rubella. We aimed to define better assay for detecting immune status of health care personnel to vaccine-preventable diseases. METHODS Mumps and rubella antibodies of health care personnel at Shimane University Hospital were examined by hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI), comp...

Mumps virus-neutralizing antibodies are believed to be the most predictable surrogate marker of protective immunity. However, assays used to detect neutralizing antibodies, such as the plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) assay, are labor- and time-intensive and consequently are often supplanted by the more rapid and inexpensive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) technique. For virus infections for whic...

Background and Aims: Vaccine is available, but fetal infection with rubella virus is still a main cause of congenital birth defects and mental retardation in many countries. Mass vaccination campaigns and Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) have increased vaccine coverage in the world with a substantial impact on the reduction of rubella infections, such as Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)....

A rubella outbreak occurred in Anqing city of Anhui province, China, from February to July of 2012, and a total of 241 clinically diagnosed or lab-confirmed patients were reported. The highest number of rubella cases during this outbreak was recorded in teenagers between 10 and 19 years of age who had not previously received the rubella vaccine. Genotyping results indicated that the genotype 2B...

Plant diseases caused by viruses are the most menace to sustainable agriculture, leading numerous billion dollars in losses annually. Proper and accurate detection of plant is always key developing appropriate solutions manage economic them. Advances technology have simplified tools available detect diagnose at a time when control measures should be used. Currently, nucleic acid serological bas...

measles, mumps and rubella are viral infectious diseases that may result in serious complications. since the production of vaccines, the number of cases of these diseases has been dropped. nevertheless, these infectious diseases are still one of the major health problems in developing countries. in this study, in order to evaluate the protective responses against measles, mumps and rubella, the...

Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) continue to be important health problems in many countries. In June 2004, the World Health Organization Steering Committee on Research Related to Measles and Rubella Vaccines and Vaccination met to evaluate data from research and operational activities and to identify critical scientific issues and gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed to impr...