Introduction As functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is too expensive and time consuming, its frequent implementation is difficult. The aim of this study is to evaluate repeatability of detecting visual cortex activity in fMRI. Materials and Methods In this study, 15 normal volunteers (10 female, 5 male; Mean age±SD: 24.7±3.8 years) attended. Functional magnetic resonance images were ob...

We can test a theory of “X” by checking if that theory can reproduce known behaviour of “X”. In the general case, this check for time-based simulations is only practical for short simulation runs. We show that given certain reasonable language restrictions, then the complexity of this check reduces to the granularity of the measurements. That is, provided a very long simulation run is only meas...

In this paper we first review the main results in the theory of schemata in Genetic Programming (GP) and summarise a new GP schema theory which is based on a new definition of schema. Then we study the creation, propagation and disruption of this new form of schemata in real runs, for standard crossover, one-point crossover and selection only. Finally, we discuss these results in the light our ...

Bubbles in asset prices have fascinated researchers in finance. Identify asset bubbles, by circumstances, on the stock market has been a growing number of research theoretical and empirical. On a theoretical level, it was assumed that the price dynamics reflect irrational behavior of economic agents and, therefore, should be excluded from a deal with the truly rational economic agents Burmeiste...

Throughout Peirce’s writing, we witness his developing vision of a machine that scientists will eventually be able to create. Nadin (2010) raised the question: Why do computer scientists continue to ignore Peirce’s sign theory? A review of the literature on Peirce’s theory and the semiotics machine reveals that many authors discussed the machine; however, they do not differentiate between a phy...

We evaluate whether John Holland's Echo model exemplifies his theory of complex adaptive systems. After reviewing Holland's theory of complex adaptive systems and describing his Escho model, we describe and explain the characteristic evolutionary behavior observed in a series of Echo model runs. We conclude that Echo lacks the diversity of hierarchically organized aggregates that typify complex...

Many programs allow the user to input data several times during its execution. If the program runs forever the user may input data infinitely often. A program terminates if it terminates no matter what the user does. We discuss various ways to prove that program terminates. The proofs use well orderings, Ramsey Theory, and Matrices. These techniques are used by real program checkers. General Te...

The explanatory filter is a proposed method to detect design in nature with the aim of refuting Darwinian evolution. The explanatory filter borrows its logical structure from the theory of statistical hypothesis testing but we argue that, when viewed within this context, the filter runs into serious trouble in any interesting biological application. Although the explanatory filter has been exte...

The explanatory filter is a proposed method to detect design in nature with the aim of refuting Darwinian evolution. The explanatory filter borrows its logical structure from the theory of statistical hypothesis testing but we argue that, when viewed within this context, the filter runs into serious trouble in any interesting biological application. Although the explanatory filter has been exte...

In this paper we rst review the main results in the theory of schemata in Genetic Programming (GP) and summarise a new GP schema theory which is based on a new deenition of schema. Then we study the creation, propagation and disruption of this new form of schemata in real runs, for standard crossover, one-point crossover and selection only. Finally, we discuss these results in the light our GP ...