This study aims to examine and analyze the constitutionality of electoral system relevance philosophische grondslag staatsfundamentalnorm Pancasila investigate constitutional ideological degree in Indonesia. uses normative legal research with a statute, historical, comparative approaches. The collection materials is carried out using literature technique. collected material then qualitatively a...

Little is known about how electoral institutions systematically affect the level of incumbency advantage in legislative elections. In this paper, I analyze the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) data to put the U.S. case in a comparative context and explore how electoral institutions aid or preclude incumbents from gaining an advantage. In particular, I study whether electoral system...

In this paper I argue that the effect of ideology on tax structure depends on the electoral system. Earlier research has argued that left wing governments tax more progressively, but in light of recent empirical work, this has been challenged. The dominant approach instead posits that the left taxes regressively while spending progressively. That is, the left still redistributes more, but it ta...

Biproportional apportionment methods provide two-way proportionality in electoral systems where the electoral region is subdivided into electoral districts. The problem is to assign integral values to the elements of a matrix that are proportional to a given input matrix, and such that a set of rowand column-sum requirements are fulfilled. In a divisor-based method for biproportional apportionm...