BACKGROUND The caudal approach to the epidural space has been used for decades to treat low back pain caused by lumbosacral root compression. The use of fluoroscopy during epidural steroid injection is the preferred method for placing the needle more accurately in the sacral hiatus, but it carries the risk of radiation hazard. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to assess the anatomical struc...

pheochromocytomas are cathecolamine producing tumor arising from chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla and extra adrenal tissues. this is a report of a boy presented with headache and hypertension. in radiologic exams, an adrenal mass detected in the left side, with no renal tissue on that side. it was reported an adrenal pheochromocytoma in histopathology. renal agenesis confirmed during surgery...

The important role of genetics has been increasingly recognized in recent years with respect to the understanding of dental anomalies, such as tooth agenesis. The lack of any real insight into the cause of this condition has led us to use a human molecular genetics approach to identify the genes perturbing normal dental development. We are reporting a strategy that can be applied to investigate...

We report the case of a previously well 18-year-old male who presented to the Emergency Department with lower limb pain. An ultrasound demonstrated extensive left sided deep vein thrombosis and computed tomography demonstrated inferior vena cava agenesis, leading to the diagnosis of inferior vena cava agenesis associated deep vein thrombosis. The aetiology of inferior vena cava agenesis is expl...

OBJECTIVES   To report about our first short series of laparoscopic implantation of neuroprothesis-LION procedure-to the sacral plexus for treatment of different neurogenic bladder dysfunctions in patients in whom percutaneous sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) failed. MATERIAL AND METHODS   A unilateral sacral LION procedure was performed in four patients with a refractary interstitial cystitis,...

Here we use the description of a new specimen of the small caseid synapsid Casea broilii that preserves the sacral, pelvic and hind limb regions in great detail and in three dimensions, as a unique opportunity to reevaluate the early stages in the evolution of the sacrum in the lineage that led to mammals. We place this new material in the context of sacral evolution in early caseid synapsids a...

Aim: To assess the effectiveness of posterior sagittal anorectplasty for repair anorectal malformations in terms postoperative complications and functional outcomes. Study design: Descriptive prospective study. Place duration study: Sahiwal Teaching Hospital, Sahiwal. From 1st January 2016 to 31st December 2019. Methodology: Forty-two children with high/intermediate malformations, who underwent...

Background: A common problem that requires orthodontic intervention is maxillary lateral incisor agenesis. A common treatment for this problem is to open space for a maxillary lateral incisor implant. However, that treatment is expensive. Often, parents with this problem wonder if their children will also have this anomaly. Objective: To determine the relative risk of a parent with maxillary la...

Unilateral diaphragmatic agenesis is a rare finding in adult patients. We report a case of unilateral agenesis of diaphragm in a 22-year-old male patient to highlight the fact that a rare entity of agenesis of diaphragm can have a misleading presentation in adulthood due to both pulmonary and abdominal symptoms.

Lung agenesis and gastric duplication cysts are both rare congenital anomalies. Gastric duplication cysts can present with nausea, vomiting, hematemesis, or vague abdominal pain. Unilateral pulmonary agenesis can present with respiratory distress which usually occurs due to retention of bronchial secretions and inflammations. We report the unique case of right pulmonary agenesis associated with...