Abstract This Essay explores the sanction of “non-participation,” which has been used against Russia following start war in Ukraine. After mapping out multifaceted instances Russia's exclusion from international organizations, analysis considers legality measures adopted that do not have an explicit basis institutional rules. The concludes with broad reflections on use organizations as platform...

The European ::union:: (EU) along with the Security Council (SC) has imposed sanctions on Iran over the controversies around Iranian nuclear program. A review of the literature on the implementation of international sanctions against I.R. Iran shows that with passing time and disagreement between negotiating parties, the toughening and broadening of scope and focus of sanction has taken plac...

Recent scholarship suggests that detention may have differential effects depending on situational factors. This longitudinal study tests an integrative theoretical framework with the aim to identify conditions under which deters from subsequent rule-violating behavior. We examined whether of experienced sanction severity misconduct and reoffending behavior are dependent procedural justice perce...

Much scholarly and governmental research has been conducted both on recidivism rates of released prisoners and on offenders who have participated in alternative sanction programs, such as community service or home detention. However, limited research is available that compares recidivism rates of offenders released through traditional incarceration to offenders released through alternative sanc...

Human Flesh Search((HFS) is a search phenomenon emerging on the Internetin recent years, which integrates machine search and manual search, and is usually used to find or identify immoral events or characters. But problematically in the process of HFS, the personal information of search objects is posted on the Internet, which seriously violates the privacy protection of the search objects and ...