The long-range goal of this research is to extend the scientific basis for extracting environmental information regarding the nearshore ocean from remote sensing data. In particular, we seek to quantify how both optical and remote sensors image the breaking of waves in shallow water. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this project are as follows: 1. Assemble a marine radar wave observation system sui...

With meteorological data from high altitude surface stations and gridded dataset from NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis, a biennial oscillation over the Eastern Highland Himalayas from 1980 to 1998 is described. This variability concerns air temperature, precipitation, geopotential and wind speed. Evidence is given on the connections between local data and large-scale circulation patterns. The most remarkab...

This project has sought to better define the dynamics of those processes, including mixing, tides, current-topography interactions and nonlinear equation of state phenomena that impact vertical transports of heat and mass in the Southern Ocean. These transports are crucial to the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), a primary global ocean water type, and are integral to the Southern Ocea...

A 5,000-m-long, 15-in (38-cm) outer-diameter, full-scale pipe was deployed from the large Moon Pool of the Hughes Glomar Explorer (Fig. 1) while a deep-ocean mining system operated from the ship in the North Pacific Ocean in 1976 and 1979. From the standpoint of design as well as operation, one of the most critical parameters in deep-ocean mining and deep-ocean drilling is the behavior of the p...

Global warming has accelerated climate and weather changes, impacting the regional water cycle. This study assesses temporal trends of seasonal annual runoff in Chitral River Basin (CRB) its responses to climatic factors (i.e., temperature, precipitation, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)) oceanic indices at large scales El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)...

This paper describes approaches to retrieve important aerosol results from the strong lidar return signals that are received by the space-borne CALIPSO lidar system after reflecting off-ocean surfaces. Relations, from which the theoretically expected values of area under ocean surface returns can be computed, are presented. A detailed description of the lidar system response to the ocean surfac...

The Late Cretaceous–Early Paleogene (K–Pg) was a critical period of transition in geological time. This encompassed short-term climatic fluctuations on global scale, changes ocean circulation, and sudden large extinctions marine terrestrial organisms. In the study area, located mid to low latitudes, Cretaceous Early were very tectonically active due positioning site close collision zone two con...

Observational data from the Global Temperature and Salinity Profile Program were used to calculate the upper ocean heat content (OHC) anomaly. The thickness of the upper layer is taken as 300 m for the Pacific/Atlantic Ocean and 150 m for the Indian Ocean since the Indian Ocean has shallower thermoclines. First, the optimal spectral decomposition scheme was used to build up monthly synoptic tem...