Costa Rica is widely regarded as a global leader in conservation practices. In the Maquenque National Wildlife Refuge (MNWLR), within Rica’s Northern Zone, strong commitment to has led protecting highly biodiverse mature forests. However, significant opportunity strengthen this region being overlooked at great cost local community and environment: protection of regenerating secondary Secondary ...

OBJECTIVE To determine the association between measures of socioeconomic status and reported back pain in a national sample survey of the adult population of Britain. DESIGN Secondary analysis of a cross sectional interview survey (the Health and Lifestyle Survey). SETTING Households in England, Wales, and Scotland. SUBJECTS Those 9003 adults aged 18 years and above who agreed to an inter...

Conditions such as back pain and arthritis are the biggest cause of morbidity in UK. But pandemic has seen primary secondary care appointments cancelled or held virtually. In first a new series on “new normal” medicine, Kathy Oxtoby reports backlogs

BACKGROUND Acute low back pain is a common condition resulting in pain and disability. Current national and international guidelines advocate general practitioner care including advice and paracetamol (4 g daily in otherwise well adults) as the first line of care for people with acute low back pain. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) are advocat...

OBJECTIVES A matched case-control study was carried out to evaluate biological risk indicators for recurrent non-specific low back pain in adolescents. METHODS Adolescents with recurrent non-specific low back pain (symptomatic; n = 28; mean (SD) age 14.9 (0.7) years) and matched controls (asymptomatic; n = 28; age 14.9 (0.7) years) with no history of non-specific low back pain participated. M...

BACKGROUND Low back pain is highly prevalent among pregnant women, but evidence of an effective treatment are still lacking. Supervised exercise-either land or water based-has shown benefits for low back pain, but no trial has investigated the evidence of an unsupervised water exercise program on low back pain. We aimed to assess the effect of an unsupervised water exercise program on low back ...