30 CHAPTER 2: SMOKING AS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR ADULT PERIODONTITIS 2.1 SMOKING—A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR PERIODONTAL DISEASES Tobacco use is a potent risk factor for many human diseases and conditions including cancer, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases and it has a major deleterious effect on population health. Also, tobacco smoking appears to be one of the single most significant environme...

This paper establishes an econometric framework to construct a systematic risk factor from textual data, by linking a beta pricing model with a language model based on machine learning techniques. In this framework, the distributions of stock returns and words in associated documents are determined by a common underlying systematic risk factor (text-implied risk). The exposure to the text-impli...

Evaluating the quality of credit portfolio risk models is an important question for both banks and regulators. Lopez and Saidenberg (2000) suggest cross-sectional resampling techniques in order to make efficient use of available data and to produce measures of forecast accuracy. We first show that their proposal disregards crosssectional dependence in simulated subportfolios, which renders stan...

BACKGROUND Despite increasing recognition of the importance of involving patients in decisions on preventive healthcare interventions, little is known about how well patients understand and utilise information provided on the relative benefits from these interventions. The aim of this study was to explore whether lay people can discriminate between preventive interventions when effectiveness is...

Theory suggests that the risk of infrequent yet extreme events has a large impact on asset prices. Testing models of this hypothesis remains a challenge due to the difficulty of measuring tail risk fluctuations over time. I propose a new measure of time-varying tail risk that is motivated by asset pricing theory and is directly estimable from the cross section of returns. My procedure applies H...

Typical incomplete markets models in international economics make two assumptions. First, households are not able to fully insure themselves against country-specific shocks. Second, there is a representative household within each country, so that households are fully insured against idiosyncratic shocks. We assume instead that cross-household risk-sharing is limited within countries, but cross-...

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main mortality cause worldwide. Noise and vibration are considered to be occupational risk factors, but little is known about their cardiovascular effects in Bulgaria in terms of gender and various professional groups. The aim of this study has been to investigate the risk of prevalent CVD, associated with occupational noise and vibration exposur...

purpose : to determine the distribution of iris colors in the population of tehran and to assess possible associations between iris color and ocular disorder methods : through a stratified random cluster sampling approach, 160 clusters were selected in different municipality districts of tehran, and the approached households were invited to a clinic. after the initial interview, all participant...

OBJECTIVE In postmenopausal women and preclinical murine models, estrogen administration reduces diabetes risk; however, the relationship of estradiol and estrone to diabetes in men is poorly understood. We determined the relationship between circulating estradiol and estrone levels and diabetes risk in community-dwelling men of the Framingham Heart Study (FHS). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Cr...